with the philosophes, he declared open war against their principles, by the republication, under the title of L'Appel au bon Sens, of a pamphlet which he had previously (1769) published at Rome, entitled Le Tocsin des Philosophes. This excited the ire of Voltaire, who, in a letter to M. de Chastellux (7th Dec. 1772), acknowledging receipt of a copy of the treatise La Félicité publique, by the latter, in which Dutens was spoken of in commendatory terms, attacked him violently as

"Un demi savant, très méchant homme, nommé Dutens, refugié à présent en Angleterre, qui imprima, il y a cinq ans, un sot libelle atroce contre tous les philosophes, intitulé Le Tocsin. Le polisson prétend que les anciens avoient connu l'usage de la boussole, la gravitation, la route des comètes, l'aberration des étoiles, la machine pneumatique, la chimie, &c."

This was not, however, the only occasion on which Voltaire, forgetful of the Leibnitz, and his complimentary letters to its editor and donor, had manifested his wrath against M. Dutens. In the Dictionnaire Philosophique (art. "Système") he went out of his way to attack him:

"Un des plus grands détracteurs de nos dernier siècles a été un nommé Dutens. Il a fini par faire un libelle aussi infâme qu'insipide, contre les philosophes de nos jours. Ce libelle est intitulé Le Tocsin; mais il a beau sonner sa cloche, personne n'est venu à son secours, et il n'a fait que grossir le nombre des Zoïles, qui, ne pouvant rien produire, ont répandu leur venin sur ceux qui ont immortalisé leur patrie, et servi le genre humain par leurs productions."

Dutens was also attacked by Condorcet and others. Upon the publication of the edition of Voltaire edited by the latter and Beaumarchais, Dutens thought it due to himself, as an antidote to the subsequent injuries, to transmit the two earlier letters he had received from Voltaire; but the prejudice and injustice of the learned editors prevented their insertion.

Dutens was also the author of the following works:

"Traité des Pierres précieuses, et des Pierres fines," Londres, 8vo. Paris, 16mo.

"Explication de quelques Médailles grecques et phéniciennes, avec un Alphabet phénicien, et une Paléographie numismatique." Londres et Paris, 1776. " Œuvres mêlées, contenant: l'Appel au bon Sens; la Logique; Lettres sur un Automate qui joue aux Echecs, &c." Génève et Paris.

" Itinéraire des Routes les plus fréquentées de l'Europe, &c." Paris.

" ΛΟΓΓΟΥ ΠΟΙΜΕΝΙΚΩΝ ΤΩΝ ΚΑΤΑ ΛΑΦΝΙΝ ΚΑΙ ΧΛΟΗΝ, ΒΙΒ. E, recensuit Ludovicus Dutens." Paris, 1776, 12mo.

"Manuel d'Epictète, avec un Préface." Paris, 1776,

24mo.

"De l'Eglise, du Pape, de quelques points de Con. troverse; et des Moyens de Réunion entre toutes les Eglises chrétiennes." Génève, 1781.

"L'Ami des Etrangers qui voyagent en Angleterre.

Londres, 1787, 8vo.

"Mémoires d'un Voyageur qui se repose, &c.” 5 vols. 12mo, 1806.

The fifth volume of this last-mentioned work is entitled Dutensiana, and is quite distinct from the other four. Although tolerably well acquainted with the Ana, I must confess that in variety of amusing and instructive anecdote I do not know any volume in this class of literature that much excels it. In the preface, Dutens acknowledges the authorship of the Correspondence interceptée, published anonymously, some of the contents of which are incorporated in the Mémoires d'un Voyageur. The edition in two volumes 8vo. of the latter work, to which W. alludes, was committed to the flames by the author, as containing remarks and strictures upon living characters, which he was led to think might give offence, and would be better suppressed. WILLIAM BATES. Birmingham.

EARLY CAST IRON GRAVE SLABS.

(Vol. vi., p. 291.)

In the first part of Christian Monuments in England and Wales, by the Rev. Charles Boutell, M.A., 1849, a work which I regret to say remains unfinished, there is a representation of a remarkable slab of this description, concerning which I shall quote the author's own words:

..

"In the nave of the church at Burwash in Sussex, there lies a monumental slab of very singular character, apparently of the latter end of the fourteenth century. The material of which this memorial is constructed is cast iron. It is a large slab, or rather plate, measuring in length five feet five inches and a half, by eighteen inches and three quarters at the head, and eighteen inches and a quarter at the foot; and it bears in relief a small cross with a legend at its base, in these words: ORATE. P(RO). ANNEMA. JHONE. COLINS." So far as I am aware, this is the only monument of this kind known to be in existence."

In a foot-note:

The

"It appears that a family named Collins carried on the iron trade in a parish adjoining Burwash, in the sixteenth century; and their predecessors were probably iron masters, and had some connexion with Burwash itself, at the date of the monument. Rev. C. R. Manning, in his List of Brasses, mentions an iron monumental plate at Crowhurst in Surry, the date of which is A.D. 1591. Upon this plate there is a representation of a shrouded figure."

I may add, that in the churchyard at Broseley, Salop, there are cast-iron slabs: but these are of modern date. W. J. BERNHARD SMITH.

Temple.

ΕΡΙΤΑΡΗ.

(Vol. vi., p. 340.)

A. A. D. makes inquiry about an epitaph of a rather curious character having a local habitation; which Query I cannot solve, but can give him a few, I think, equally remarkable, whose genuine local habitations I can vouch for. The two following I have just copied within Ashburton Church, Devonshire; and the third had an existence there also about thirty years ago, since which time, it being engraved on slate, it has become almost obliterated, in consequence of the water finding its way within the crevices of the stone, becoming frozen in the winter months, and consequently enlarged in volume, which has caused the slate to desquamate in large scales.

1. On Thomas Harris, tanner, who died September 30th, 1637:

"Fear not to die;

Learn this of me,
No ills in death,
If good thou be."

SHAKSPEARE EMENDATIONS.

(Vol. vi., pp. 135. 423.)

The doubt your correspondent C. expresses about the phrase "I am put to know," may be satisfactorily answered from the pages of the poet, who uses similar phraseology in other places. It evidently signifies "I am obliged or constrained to know." Thus in Cymbeline, Act II. Sc. 3.:

" I am much sorry, Sir,
You put me to forget a lady's manners,
By being so verbal."

So in Coriolanus, Act III. Sc. 2.:

"You have put me now to such a part, which never I shall discharge to the life."

And in 2 King Henry VI., Act III. Sc. 1.: "And, had I first been put to speak my mind,

I think I should have told your Grace's tale." I was much pleased to see the Query respecting the passage in As You Like It, Act III. Sc. 5., respecting the words "all at once." It was one of the passages I had marked as requiring attention.

" Within this space two brothers heere confin'd,

Though by death parted, yet by death close join'd :
The eldest of these two, plae'd in his tomb,
Greeted the younger with a welcome home.
They liv'd, they lov'd, and now rest in tomb,
Together sleeping in their mother's womb."

The third, which is still fresh in the recollection of the sexton, ran thus (I should have said that a part of the stone (slate) still exists, imbedded in the wall, just outside the chancel door):

"Elizabeth Ireland, died in 1779.
"Here I lie, at the chancel door;
Here I lie because I'm poor.
The farther in, the more you pay.
Here lie I as warm as they."

The two following, I am credibly informed, are to be seen in the undermentioned churchyards, or, I should have said, did exist there a few years since.

it stands, "not merely surplusage, but nonsense." It is somewhat singular that it should hitherto have passed unquestioned, and that it should have escaped the attention of the two acute and able correspondents who discussed the passage for other purposes.

I now feel assured that it is to be placed in the numerous list of printer's errors, and is not without a remedy, and that not so forced and improbable as the substitution of à l'outrecuidance, proposed by MR. FORBES. The printer, misled probably by a blurred or illegible manuscript, has substituted the word all for rail, and we should undoubtedly read,

"And why, I pray you? who might be your mother? That you insult, exult, and rail, at once Over the wretched?"

Should any exception be taken to the phrase "rail over the wretched," I answer that the poet uses to rail on and to rail upon in other places.

The printer does not seem to have been more vigilant here than elsewhere; for just above, in Phœbe's speech, he has given us capable instead of palpable. I read :

"Lean but upon a rush, The cicatrice and palpable impressure Thy palm some moment keeps;"

not being content with the attempts of Johnson and Malone to make sense of "capable impressure," or with Mr. Knight's gloss which interprets it able to receive! S. W. SINGER.

Mickleham.

As I started the doubt which MR. C. FORBES of the Temple has attempted to clear up, I may be

When old London Bridge was standing, there was, very near to the southern extremity, and on

the western side of the street, a tavern displaying this sign. Perhaps an inquiry into the history of that house may give L. B. some information. I never heard that it had any reference to the Re. storation. The sign merely represented a man falling intoxicated from his chair. It is to be observed that the lines quoted from Butler, though by no means respectful to Richard Cromwell, do not connect the epithet "Tumble-down" with his

name.

F. S. Q..

Your correspondent L. B. asks if any other signs called "Tumble-down Dick" are known. I am familiar with one in Norfolk, at Woodton, on the high road between Norwich and Bungay, about five miles from the latter place, and I have heard it spoken of as a memorial of the overthrow of Richard Cromwell. A few years ago the sign was repainted; but with the old design, a very redwaistcoated John Bull, bottle and glass in hand, toppling off his chair, in a fashion indicative of as gross a violation of the law of gravitation, as the act was intended to express respecting the rules of sobriety. In this region, where Puritanism and Nonconformity were deeply rooted, the antagonist spirit was correspondingly strong. The celebration of the 29th of May, in a very High Church manner, has not been discontinued above a single generation; and the children still observe it, by

bumping," with right rustic good-will, their companions who are unadorned with oak-leaves, with the same gusto and ignorance that the 5th of November was kept withal, till the recent movement of Pius IX. revived the ancient spirit. I once saw the children attending an Independent Sunday School, keeping the day in this fashion; and on inquiring, discovered that they had the custom from their elders, but what they were celebrating they did not at all know; nor did boy from the Church School, who was joining in the sport. This illustrates the existence of the temper which would set up a "Tumble-down Dick" over a tippling house, and would retain the sign thus "thro' age after age revolving."

DARIDIANUS.

a

B. B. WOODWARD.

INSCRIPTION AT BAVENΝΟ.

(Vol. vi., p. 359.)

I am afraid your correspondent A. B. R. is putting himself and others to useless trouble in

inquiring for "an explanation of the word Daridianus," as well as in seeking for "any note of the erection of a church, which would certainly seem to date from the first century." The inscription observed by A. B. R. in the Church of Bavenno says nothing about that or any other church; it merely informs us that Trophimus Daridianus, a slave of the Emperor Claudius's, dedicated the inscription to Memoria and Tarpeia.

As to Daridianus, I suspect it to be a mason's blunder for Dardanianus, a name which is regularly formed from Dardanius, though I am not

aware that it is to be found in books.

In the latter part of the inscription a proper name seems to have been obliterated by time after Memoriæ, and perhaps, if this Note comes to the knowledge of A. B. R., he may tell us something of the state of preservation in which he found the inscription: but, whether it be perfect or not, he may rest assured (unless he can produce further evidence) that Trophimus had no more to do with founding the church at Bavenno than M. Ulpius Cerdo, Lucretius Lucretianus, and others, who set up ancient inscriptions now preserved in the British Museum, had to do with erecting that great national building.

L.

P.S. - I subjoin two inscriptions, which I copied some years ago at the British Museum; the first on account of its form; the second, to show that blunders are not uncommon in ancient inscriptions:

"MEMORIE

CL. TI. F. OLYMPIADIS ΕΡΙΤΗΥΜETVS. LIB.

ΡΑΤΡΟΝΑΣ. PIENTISSIMAE."

"LVCRETIA

QVEVIXI т

ANN. XII. M. VIII PATER. B. м. г."

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN COPIES OF THE FOLIO EDITIONS OF SHAKSPEARE.

(Vol. vi., p. 142.)

The variations noticed by MR. COLLIER between his copy of the folio edition of 1632 and other copies of the same edition (proving that corrections were made of the text whilst the edition was

actually in the press), reminds me of a similar instance, pointed out to me by MR. HENRY Foss in his copy of the edition of 1623. The passage occurs in Twelfth Night, Act V. Sc. 1., in which the Duke says,

"O thou dissembling cub ! what wilt thou be,
When time hath sow'd a grizzle on thy case?"

This is the reading of many (how many?) copies of the first folio edition, and has been received without suspicion by every modern editor, including MR. KNIGHT and MR. COLLIER himself, who explain case by skin or exterior. The latter notes, "The skin of a fox, or of a rabbit, is called its case." The expression, to say the least, is incorrect and forced; but in MR. Foss's copy, we are at once led to the true and obvious rendering, for the text stands thus:

"Du. O thou dissembling cub! what wilt thou be, When time hath sow'd a grizzle on thy cafe?"

Proving, beyond doubt, that the word in question should be face; but by transposition of the letters became cafe, and was then altered into case. May not this easy confusion of s and f throw light upon some other passages, hitherto unsuspected?

F. MADDEN.

To copy Collodion Negatives on Collodion positively. - Paste two strips of letter paper on the collodioned side of the negative proof; superimpose this on a prepared glass plate, and expose it to the influence of light, either natural or artificial, during half a second or a second, and develope in the usual manner. If required only for magiclanthorn slides, it is advisable to substitute for the hypo. a solution of common salt, 1 drachm to the ounce of water; this leaves the transparent portions opalescent, and produces a better effect than ground glass.

J. B. HOCKIN.

French Collodion. - Seeing in your Notices to Correspondents last week a reference to the new French collodion, and having tried two bottles from different vendors, I venture to assure your inquirer that it possesses no advantages whatever over the ordinary English-made collodion. It is

dearer in price, and certainly not more sensitive than that produced according to the form given in your former Number of "N. & Q." (vide p. 277.) I may here observe that I find the sensitive qualities of the collodion may, to a great extent, be tested without the use of the camera, by looking through the film of collodion on the glass, after immersion in the nitrate of silver bath, when, if good, it will be found to be of a bright orange colour, although, looking upon the surface and not through it, the appearance should be a bluish, opal-like, semi-opaque tint. If the collodion is over iodized, it is more opaque, and is apt to flake off in small films in the bath, leaving uneven surfaces, and consequent destruction to the picture. The sensitiveness is not increased by carrying the iodization beyond a certain point. H. W. D.

Mr. Crookes' Wax-Paper Process. - There is a slight typographical error in the description of my wax-paper process, page 443., line 7 from bottom,

where, "with addition as much free iodide as will give it a sherry colour," should be, "with the addition of as much free iodine as will give it a sherry colour."

I should feel obliged by your causing this to be corrected, as it is one of the most important points in the whole process, but, as now worded, might lead those who are devoting much valuable time to this pleasing and important study astray.

WILLIAM CROOKES.

Ross' Lenses. - We have received from H. W., a gentleman whose acquirements entitle him to speak with authority on a point of science, a letter, praising in the highest terms the lenses made for photographic purposes by Ross of Featherstone Buildings, Holborn; and no doubt most deservedly. We do not insert the letter for three reasons: 1. Because it would have an appearance which the writer never intended, namely, to puff a man of science; 2. Because it contains no new facts; and 3. Because we fear the closing paragraph would tend to discourage the practice of an art which we agree with H. W. in considering "one of the most delightful occupations it is possible to conceive, for an artist or a man of leisure."

Replies to Minor Queries.

Coins placed in Foundations (Vol. vi., p. 270.).— The following passage shows this practice to have prevailed as early as 1658, though it may probably

be traced to an earlier date:

"But the ancient custome of placing coyns in considerable urns, and the present practice of burying medals in the noble foundations of Europe, are laudable ways of historical discoveries in actions, persons, chronologies; and posterity will applaud them."Browne's Hydriotaphia, ch. iv.

ANON.