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from the bases of the same tenses in the primitive, unless the root end in a vowel. In that case the insertion of i may take place in the passive, although prohibited in the primitive, provided the final vowel of the root be first changed to its Vriddhi substitute. Thus, from chi, to gather," may come the base of the 1st and 2d fut. pass. chayi (chayitahe, &c., chayishye, &c.), although the base of the same tenses in the primitive is che (chetuhe, &c., cheshye, &c.). Similarly from hu and kṛi may come hūvi and kūri (hāvitāhe, kāritāhe), although the bases in the primitive are ho and kar. In like manner i may be inserted when the root ends in long ā, provided that, instead of a change to Vriddhi (which is impossible), y be interposed between the final a and inserted i Thus, from da, "to give," may come the base of the fut. pass. dāyi (dāyitāhe, &c.), although the base of the same tenses in the primitive is dā (dātāhe, &c.). But in all these cases it is permitted to take the base of the primitive for that of the passive, and chetāhe or chāyitāhe may equally stand for the 1st fut. pass.

*

In the case of roots ending in consonants, the base of the two futures in the passive will be identical with that of the same tenses in the primitive, the inflection being that of the atm.

The Third Preterite of Passives.

114. In this tense, also, variation from the primitive may occur when the root ends in a vowel. For in that case the insertion of i may take place, although forbidden in the primitive, provided the final of the root be changed to Vriddhi. Thus, from chi may come the base of the 3d pret. pass. achāyi (achayishi, &c., form 1. p. 81.) although the base in the atm. of the primitive is ache (acheshi, &c., form 2.). So also, from hu and kri may come ahāvi and akāri (ahāviṣhi, akāriṣhi, form 1.), although the bases in the atm. of the primitive are aho and akri (ahoshi, akrishi, form 2.). Again, i may be inserted when the root ends in long ā, provided that y be interposed between final a and inserted i. Thus, from dã may come adāyi (adāyishi, &c.), although the base in the atm. of the primitive is adi (adishi, &c.).

*This explanation of the passive, although at variance with that of Wilkins and Bopp, rests on the authority of Pāņini (6. 4. 62.), and the Siddhanta kaumudī.

† The root दृश्, however, in the passive, may be दर्शिता हे, दर्शिप्पे, as well as द्रष्टाहे, द्रक्ष्ये ; and हन् may be घानिताहे, घानिष्ये, as well as हन्ताहे, हनिष्ये; and मह् may be माहिताहे, माहिये, as well as महीताहे, महोप्पे.

But in all these cases it is permitted to take the base of the primitive for that of the passive (so that the passive of chi may be either achāyiṣhi or acheṣhi), except in the 3d pers. sing. where the terminations ishta and sta being rejected, the base, as formed by Vriddhi and the inserted i, must always stand alone; thus, achāyi, “it was gathered"; ahāvi, "it was sacrificed"; akāri, “it was done "; adāyi, "it was given."

If the root end in a consonant, the base of the 3d pret. pass. will always be identical with that of the 3d pret. atm. of the primitive, except in the 3d pers. sing., where i being substituted for the terminations ishta of the 1st form and sta of the 2d form, invariably requires before it the lengthening of a medial a, and the Guna of any other medial vowel.* Hence, from tan, the form of the 1st, 2d, and 3d sing. 3d pret. will be atanishi, ataniṣhṭhāh, atāni; from kship, akshipsi, akshipthah, akshepi; from vid, avedishi, avedishṭhāh, avedi. This 3d pers. sing. of the 3d pret. passive is not unfrequently found, even in the simplest writings.

The Benedictive and Conditional of Passives.

In these tenses the same variation is permitted in the case of roots ending in vowels as in the last; that is, the insertion of i is allowed, provided that, before it, Vriddhi take place in a final vowel capable of such a change, and y be interposed after final a. Thus, from chi may come the bases chāyi and achāyi (chāyiṣhīya, achāyiṣhye); from hu, hāvi and ahāvi; from kri, kāri and akāri; from dā, dāyi and adayi. But cheṣhiya, acheṣhye, hoshiya, ahoṣhye, &c., the forms belonging to the atm. of the primitive, are equally admissible in the passive.

Passive Infinitive Mood.

There is no passive infinitive mood in Sanscrit distinct in form from the active. But although the affix tum has generally an active, it is capable of a passive sense, when joined with certain verbs, especially with shak, "to be able." In the Hitopadesha it is also used passively, in connection with the participles ārabdha and nirūpita.

Passive Verbs from Causal Bases.

115. In forming a passive verb from a causal base, the affix ay is rejected, but the other changes of the root are retained. Thus, from the causal base pātay (root pat, "to fall") is formed the passive causal base pāty (pātye, "I am caused to fall"); so also, from sthāpay (sthā, “to stand"), sthāpy (sthāpye, “I am made to stand "); from pathay (path, “to read"), pāṭhy (pāṭhye, "I am taught to read") from ज्ञपय् (ज्ञा “to know”), ज्ञप्य् (ज्ञप्पे “ I am caused to know.”)

* This rests on the authority of Panini, the Siddhanta kaumudī, and the Bhatti kavya (15. 64, 65.).

INFLECTION OF THE BASE OF REGULAR AND IRREGULAR PRIMITIVES,

OR VERBS OF THE FIRST NINE CONJUGATIONS.

Before passing to the exhibition in full of the inflection of particular verbs under each conjugation, a synopsis is here
given of the inflection, 1st, of the primitive; 2dly, of the causal; 3dly, of the passive forms of the nine roots,
बुध्
budh, "to know," of the 1st conjugation; nrit, "to dance," of the 4th; f dish, "to point out," of the 6th; fa vid,
"to know," of the 2d; hu, "to sacrifice," of the 3d; fchi, "to gather," of the 5th; for bhid, “to break," of the 7th;
tan, “to stretch," of the 8th; and q pū, "to purify," of the 9th. In this page is exhibited the inflection in the
conjugational tenses of those primitives which we have called regular; the base, which is always the same throughout
all the persons, being to the left of the terminations. In the two pages which follow this, is exhibited the inflection in
the conjugational tenses of those primitives which we have called irregular; the base, which varies in different
persons, being above the terminations. After this, all distinction of conjugation is done away, and in the pages which
succeed, the inflection of the nine roots in the non-conjugational tenses of the primitive, and in the causal and passive,
is exhibited, one below the other, in regular order.

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OBS. The base is to be united with the terminations thus, 1st pers. sing. pres. par. bodhāmi, “I know "; 2d sing.
bodhasi, "thou knowest "; 3d sing. bodhati, "he knows"; 1st dual, bodhavah, &c. Atmanepada, bodhe, bodhase, &c. So
also nṛityāmi, "I dance," nrityasi, &c. 1st pret. abodham, abodhah, abodhat, abodhāva, &c. So also anrityam, &c.

1. bodh

eva

evahi

āva āvahai

4. nrity

etam eyāthām

6. dish

etām eyātām

ema emahi

eta

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2. Vid

ved*

vet

vet

3. Hu 5. Chi

juho

juho juho

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vid vit vit vid vit vid vid vit vit vid vid juhu juhu juhu juhu juhu juhu juhu juhu juhu juhu juhw chino chino chino chinu chinu chinu chinu chinu chinw chinw chinu chinu chinuchinw bhinad bhinat bhinat bhind bhint bhint bhind bhint bhind bhind bhint bhint bhind bhind tano tuno tano tanu tanu tanu tanu tanu tanw tanw tanu tanu tanu tanw punä punā punā puni puni puni puni puni

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pun

pun

puni | puni

puni

pun

pun

punī puni pun

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aved aret avet avid avit avit avid avit avid avid avit avit avid avid avid avid avid avid ajuhav ajuho ajuho ajuhu ajuhu ajuhu ajuhu ajuhu ajuhav ajuhw ajuhu ajuhu ajuhu ajuhwajuhwajuhu ajuhu ajuhw| achinav achino achino achinu achinu achinu achinu achinu achinw achinw achinu achinu achinu achinw achinw achinu achinu achinw abhinad abhinat abhinat abhind abhint abhint abhind abhint abhind abhind abhint abhint abhind abhind abhind abhind abhind abhind atanav atano atano atanu atanu atanu atanu atanu atanw atanu atanu atanu atanu atanw atanw atanu atanu atanw apunā apunā apunā apuni apuni apunī apunī apuni apun apun | apuni | apuni | apипі | арип apun apuni apuni apun

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OBS. The base is to be united with the terminations thus, 1st pers. sing. pres. vedmi, “I know"; 2d sing. vetsi, 3d sing. vetti, 1st dual vidwah, &c., 1st pret. avedam, avet, avet, avidwa, &c. So also, chinomi, "I gather," chinoshi, &c.; and punāmi, "I purify "; 1st pret. apunām (apunā with am).

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* An anomalous form of the 2d pret. of the root vid, "to know," is sometimes used for the present. Thus, sing. veda, vettha, veda; dual vidwa, vidathuh, vidatuh; plur. vidma, vida, viduh. Cf. (as noticed by Bopp, Comp. Gr. Prof. Eastwick's translation) the Greek olda or Foida from the root Fid, also used with a present signification. Cf. also vidmah with idμev, vittha with ore, and viddhi with iσ0.

IMPERATIVE

5.8.

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