(Hook. Fl. Lond. 176. E.)—Jacq. Austr. 11-E. Bot. 178-Clus. ii. 126. 2 -Ger, Em. 272. 2-Park. 852. 2-Pet. 47. 1-H. Ox. iii, 2. 23-Barr. 353. (Herb more or less downy. Root woody. Flowers straw-coloured, small, with spreading borders, in corymbose clusters. Fruit-stalks short. Glands within the shorter, and two without the longer stamens. Style very short, permanent. E.) Stem one to two feet high, cylindrical, scored, downy, generally simple. Leaves hairy on both sides; root-leaves oblong, thick, greyish, waved at the edge; stem-leaves similar, toothed, regularly decreasing upwards in size; the upper more pointed, rather serrated than toothed, not so grey. Pods very long, smooth, strap-shaped, compressed, on short fruit-stalks, rising at the base and then bent downwards, forming an elegant curve. Woodw. TOWER TURKEY-POD. (TOWER WALL CRESS. E.) Old walls and stony (A. HIRSUTA. All the leaves hispid, toothed: stem leafy, hirsute: pods quite erect. E.) Dicks. H. S.-(E. Bot. 587. E.)-Jacq. Ic. i.-Walc.-C. B. Pr. 42. 2— Park. 834. 6—Pet. 47. 12-H. Or. iii. 3. 5-Fl. Dan. 1040. (Stems several, a foot high, leafy, stiff and upright. Root-leaves eggshaped, toothed; stem-leaves spear-shaped, blunt, toothed, semi-amplexicaul, occasionally arrow-shaped at the base. Pods slender, smooth, an inch long. Blossom white, small. Bunches terminal. E.) By cultivation, or in a rich natural soil, it loses most of its hairiness, and grows taller. With. HAIRY WALL CRESS. (Welsh: Twr-ged blewog. E.) Rocks, stony places, old walls and dry mountainous pastures. Banks beyond Midhurst, Sussex. Doody. Switham Bottom, near Croydon. Hudson. About Settle, Yorkshire; King's Park, Edinburgh. Lightfoot. Lakenham, near Norwich. Mr. Crowe. St. Vincent's Rocks, plentifully. Dr. Broughton. Wick Cliffs, Rev. G. Swayne. Baydales, Darlington. Mr. Robson. (Old walls at Ely, Brandon, and Weeting, Norfolk. Mr. Woodward. On walls near Penmon Church, Anglesey. Welsh Bot. Frequent about Cheddar, Somersetshire. E.) P. June. TURRITIS.* (Pod very long, angular; valves keeled: (Seeds in two rows. E.) T. GLA BRA. Root-leaves toothed, hirsute; others very entire, embracing the stem, smooth. Curt. 253-Fl. Dan. 809-(E. Bot. 777. E.)-Clus. ii. 126. 1-Lob. Ic. 220. 2-Ger. Em. 272. 1—Ger. 212. 1-Park. 852. 1-H. Ox. iii. 2. 22—Pet. 47. 10. (Whole plant erect and straight. E.) Stem two to three feet high, simple, cylindrical, slightly scored, smooth. Root-leaves spear-shaped, tapering into leaf-stalks, indented towards the base, entire upwards; stem-leaves (From turris, a tower; but whether in allusion to its form of growth, or not unfrequent station upon such buildings, may be questionable. E.) numerous, heart-spear-shaped, generally entire, but sometimes slightly toothed, pale sea-green. Pods smooth, numerous, lying close to the stem, and tiled. Seeds reddish brown. Woodw. Pods when fully grown cylindrical, compressed. Blossoms greenish white, in very long and slender terminal bunches. SMOOTH TOWER MUSTARD. Meadows, pastures, pits, and waste places, in gravelly soil. (In sand-pits and other places near Charlton Church, E.) and Lewisham, Kent; near Colchester. Spixwort, Norfolk. Mr. Woodward. Lichfield. Mr. Whately. Castle Bromwich. Mr. Jones. In the quarries above Bath, which is one of the stations mentioned by Ray for his Cardamine Bellidis folio. Mr. Swayne. St. Vincent's Rocks, near Bristol, which, being another station of Mr. Ray's plant, renders it probable that his Cardamine was our T. glabra. (On walls near Ovingham, Northumberland; near Gainford, Durham. Mr. Winch. In a wood opposite the Inn at Bowling Bay. Hopkirk. Hook. Scot. E.) A. May-June. BRAS/SICA.* (Calyx closed: Pod nearly cylindrical, with a beak barren or single-seeded: Seeds globular. E.) B. CAMPESTRIS. Root tapering: stem-leaves uniform, heart-shaped, (pointed, embracing the stem: lower-leaves lyre-shaped, toothed, rather hairy. E.) (E. Bot. 2234. E.) (Stem two feet high, upright, branched, leafy, cylindrical, smooth, rather glaucous. Lower-leaves rough with hairs on the veins underneath; all slightly glaucous, paler on the under surface. Petals yellow, rather large. Pods cylindrical, bluntly four-cornered, reticularly veined, a little swelling out, two inches long, with an awl-shaped beak, quadrangular at the base, striated. Fl. Brit. Cal. spreading upwards. FIELD CABBAGE. WILD NAVEw. B. campestris. Linn. Willd. Sm. De Cand. Hook. Grev. In corn-fields, and about the banks of ditches, road sides, &c. At Harwich, and plentifully between Cropredy and Morlington, Oxfordshire. Rev. Dr. Goodenough. Near Broadford, Isle of Skye, and in fields near Forfar. Mr. Mackay. Fl. Brit. Road side from Leith to Queensferry, near Bangholm. Mr. G. Don. Grev. Edin. Bradley near Orford, Suffolk. Rev. Mr. Sutton. Ballast Hills of Tyne and Wear; in fields through the church-yard above the bridge at Kirby Londale. Mr. Winch. E.) A. June. B. NA'PUS. Root fusiform, a regular continuation of the stem: leaves smooth; upper heart-spear-shaped, embracing the stem; lower lyrate, toothed. E.) (E. Bot. 2146. E.)-Ludw. 165-Blackw. 224-Wale.-Fuchs. 177—J. B. ii. 843-Trag. 730-Lonic. i. 191. 3-Lob. Obs. 200. 2—Ger. Em. 235. 2 -Park. 865-H. Ox. iii. 2, row 3. 2. f. 3—Ger. 181. 2. Stem somewhat branched, cylindrical, smooth, about two feet high. Leaves smooth, glaucous. Calyx yellowish green. Summit a flatted knob. Pod (Probably from Spacew, to boil; being commonly so prepared as an esculent vegetable, E.) with frequently three or four gibbosities larger than merely from the enclosed seeds. There is a variety with the leaves hairy at the edge. Blossoms yellow, numerous, rather small. RAPE. COLE-SEED. (Irish: Praisseagh buih. Welsh: Bresych yr yd. E.) Salisbury, contrary to usual authority, has reversed the specific names of this and the following. On ditch banks and among corn. B. May.* B. RA'PA. Root a regular continuation of the stem, orbicular, depressed: (radical leaves lyrate, rough; those of the stem more entire, smooth. E.) (E. Bot. 2176. E.)-Blackw. 231-Fuchs. 212-Trag. 728-Matth. 435Dod. 673. 1-Ĺob. Obs. 98. 1, and Ic. 197. 1-Ger. Em. 232. 1—H. Ox. iii. 2, row 2. 1—Pet. 45. 7—Ger. 177. 1—Ger. 177. 2. Radical leaves deep green, large, spreading. (Pods an inch long, cylindrical, veiny. (Root succulent, white or purplish, tapering or fibrous below. Stem two feet high, upright, branched, smooth. E.) Calyx yellow, expanding. Blossom yellow, in numerous elongating bunches. Var. 2. (R. radice oblonga. Ger. R. longum. Matth. E.) Roots oblong. J. B. ii. 838-Matth. 436-Dod. 673. 2—Lob. Obs. 98. 2, and Ic. i. 197. 2 -Ger. Em. 232. 2—H. Ox. iii. 2, row 3. 2. f. 1—Pet. 45. 8. TURNIP. KNOLLES. (Welsh: Meipen. N.W. Erfinen. S.W. E.) Cornfields, and borders of corn-fields. B. April.t * The roots of the cultivated variety may be eaten like the turnip but they have a stronger taste, and its seeds, which are called Cole-seed, afford a large quantity of expressed oil, called Rape Oil, (particularly serviceable to the wool combers, for which purpose it is extensively cultivated in the Isle of Thanet. E.) What remains after the expressing of the oil is called Oil Cake, and is used for fattening oxen, (as is, with still more advantage, a similar residuum from the Lint-seed of Flax. E.) In Norfolk the cakes are broken to pieces, and strewed on the land as manure. It is thought to be a very efficacious one. About half a ton is laid on an acre. Mr. Woodward. Cows, goats, and swine eat it. (Partridges and pheasants are fond of lying in these crops. E.) +Turnips are either eaten raw, boiled, or roasted. Pepper is commonly used with them. They relax the bowels, and are supposed to sweeten the blood. They are hurtful to pregnant or hysterical women, and to those who are subject to flatulencies. The juice, well fermented, affords by distillation an ardent spirit, (and may be made into an inferior sort of cyder. E.) The rind is acrimonious. If the roots be kept in sand, or in a cellar, during the winter, they send out white shoots and yellowish leaves, which being rather sweet and not unpleasant to the palate, are used as salad, when other esculent plants are not to be bad. But the greatest use of Turnips is in feeding oxen and more especially sheep in winter. (If the seminal leaves be destroyed before the other leaves appear, the plant dies; and, therefore, as the saccharine qualities of the seminal or cotyledon leaves in the Turnip attracts a species of small beetle called by the farmers the Fly and Black Jack, (Haltica nemorum,) which does not attack the proper leaves of the plant, whole crops of this useful vegetable are often destroyed. Farmers do not consider the crop of Turnips safe until the second leaf appears, or, in the language of agriculture, until the plant comes into the rough leaf. Thomson's Lect. Mr. Salisbury assures us that the best preventive of the Fly, is to be putting manure on the ground in a moist state and sowing the seeds with it, in order to incite the young plant to grow so rapidly, as quickly to attain the rough leaf, which is the point of safety. These ravages prevail chiefly in dry seasons. Vid. Dickson's Husbandry. The destruction of the turnip-fly may also be greatly facilitated by a peculiar mode of ploughing suggested by Mr. W. Cowdry, whereby the pupa of the insect being deeply buried under the furrow, perishes for want of sufficient sun and heat to bring it to a mature imago. The seed should likewise be steeped 24 hours in VOL. III. B. OLERACEA. Root a regular continuation of the stem, cylindrical, fleshy (all the leaves smooth, glaucous, waved, and lobed. E.) (E. Bot. 637. E.) (Root caulescent some height above ground. Plant one foot to eighteen inches high, or more. Stem-leaves rather thick, very much waved, and variously indented, sea-green, with frequently a mixture of purple, the lower somewhat egg-shaped, sessile; the upper mostly strap-shaped. Flowers in long clusters, large, yellow. Calyx leaves egg-shaped, broad, yellow. Pods short, tumid, without a beak. E.) Seeds dusky purple. SEA COLEWORT. SEA CABBAGE. Cliffs on the sea coast. Near Harlech Castle, Merionethshire; Penzance, and other places in Cornwall. Hudson. Abundantly on the sea cliffs at Staiths, near Whitby, Yorkshire. Mr. Robson. (Rocks at Tynemouth Castle. Winch Guide. E.) InchKeith and Inch-Colm. Maughan. Grev. Edin. Abundant on Dover Cliffs, along the coast towards Hythe. E.) B. May-June. E.)* B. MONEN'SIS. (Leaves glaucous, wing-cleft, cut-serrated: stem nearly water to accelerate its vegetation. Turnips are also obnoxious to concealed spoilers, which revel in the interior of the roots, as the formidable wire worm; and the small knobs or tubercles, in some places called Anbury, having the appearance of disease, are in fact the nidus of grubs, probably those of Curculio contractus, or Rynchanus assimilis. E.) The Roota-Baga, or Swedish Turnip, is generally considered to be a hybrid between the Turnip and Cabbage, hardy, ponderous, and nutritious, but by some suspected to be a distinct species. The Agricultural Society bestowed their premium for the cultivation of a field of Turnips grown near Cardiff, in which the roots averaged, one with another, from 20 to 30 pounds weight. (Dr. Blair, in his Essays, gives the following curious account of the wonderful powers of vegetation in Turnips. Seed sown July 2, 1702, appeared above ground in three days; on Aug. 12, one of them weighed two pounds fourteen An ounce of the seed contained a thousand grains: one of these seeds increased 671,600 times its own weight in six weeks, 111,933 in one week, 666 in every hour, and eleven times its own weight in a single minute! E.) ounces. * Early in the spring the Sea Cabbage is preferred to the cultivated kinds; but, when gathered on the sea coast, it must be boiled in two waters, to take away the saltness. (When blanched, (Sea Kale), it is an elegant and acceptable winter vegetable. E.) The roots may be eaten like those of the preceding species, but they are not so tender. The different varieties of cultivated garden Cabbage originate from this, all of which are much in use at our tables. The red Cabbage is chiefly used for pickling. In some countries the white Cabbages are buried when full grown in the autumn, and thus preserved all winter. The Germans cut them in pieces, and, along with some aromatic herbs and salt, press them close down in a tub, where they soon ferment, and are then eaten under the name of Sour Croat. (Thus taken, it is supposed to discuss the tendency to scorbutic disorders, and, in the form of cataplasm, may be advantageously applied to the breasts to prevent the coagulation of the milk. E.) The Cabbage whilst young is food for Chrysomela saltatoria, and afterwards for Papilio Brassica. The former may be kept off by strew, ing the ground with soot; and it is said that the latter will not touch the plants if they be whipped with the green bough of elder. If Cabbages be sowed or planted for several years together in the same soil, the heads become smaller, and the roots knotty. This is occasioned by the larvæ of flies, (and the Tipula oleracea. E.)-A horse eat the leaves, but did not seem fond of them. St. Cows grow fat upon them. (The Drum-head Cabbage is usually transplanted into the fields, and grows to an enormous size, and is very profitable. In the Georgical Essays, Cabbage, particularly the Scotch kind, is strongly recommended as an excellent food for cattle, and substitute for hay. Autumn-sowed plants produce a much heavier crop than those sowed in Spring.It would appear from Athenæus that even the homely Cabbage has not always been exempt from superstitious homage, especially in Ionia, whose inhabitants were aocustomed on solemn occasions to swear by the “prophetic ” or “sacred Cabbage!". E.) leafless, ascending: pods quadrangular, beak with one to three seeds. E.) (Hook. Fl. Lond. 205-E. Bot. 962. E.)-Lightf. 15. 1, at p. 347—Pet. 46. 7-Dill. Elth. 111. 135, segments entire. (Root tapering, long, woody. Stems six or eight inches high, when very luxuriant taller, and branched. Flowers corymbose. Petals pale yellow, veined, exceeding the calyx, which is hairy at the top. Herb when bruised fetid. Sm. E.) (DWARF SEA CABBAGE. E.) ISLE OF MAN CABBAGE. (Welsh: Berwr Mon, a Manaw. E.) B. Monensis. Huds. With. Br. Sisymbrium Monense. Linn. Lightf. Fl. Brit. Sea shores in sandy soil. In the Isle of Man, between Ramsey and the town: also at Sella Fields Sea-bank, Cumberland; between Marsh Grange and the Isle of Walney, and near Abermeney Ferry, Anglesey. Ray. Isles of Bute, Skye, and Arran, and in Cantire. Lightfoot. (Confined to the western shores of Scotland. Hooker. E.) P. May-July. SINA'PIS.+ Cal. expanding horizontally: Petals upright Glands between the shorter stamens and the pistil, and between the longer stamens and the calyx: Pod beaked, two-valved. S. ARVEN'SIS. Pods with many angles, tumid, longer than the twoedged beak: (leaves toothed, ovate, or lyrate. E.) Curt. 321-Fl. Dan. 753—(E. Bot. 1748. E.)-Fuchs. 257-J. B. ii. 844Dod. 675, 1-Ger. Em. 233. 2-Ger. 199-Lob. Obs. 99. 1, and Ic. i. 198. 1-Park. 862. 3—H. Ox. iii. 3. 7-Pet. 45. 12. (One to two feet high. Stem and leaves harsh with short scattered bristles; the former often purplish; the bristles of the leaves mostly on the ribs or fibres of the under side. Petals yellow, without veins. Calyx yellowish. Pod with a beak nearly half its length, and both, in our specimens, free from bristles. E.) WILD MUSTARD. CHARLOCK. CORN KALE. (Irish: Gas an chunnaghta. Welsh: Cedw gwyllt. E.) Corn-fields and borders of corn-fields. A. May.ţ (In places where cattle graze, the plant is always eaten down to the root; and probably in poor sandy soil, especially near the sea, it might be cultivated to advantage. It bears seed abundantly. Hooker. E.) The different species of Brassica afford nourishment to Papilio Brassica, Rape, and Napi; Phalæna fuliginosa; Aphis Brassicæ ; and Chrysomela Hyoscyami. + (From ww, painfully to affect; was, the eyes; as by its pungency. E.) The Scandinavians boil and eat this herb as cabbage, and in Ireland the tender tops are collected for the same purpose.-Cows, goats, and swine eat it. Sheep are very fond of it. Horses generally refuse it. (The seeds are often found mixed with corn, but may be completely separated by skreening. Under the general name of Charlock, pronounced Kedlock in the midland counties, farmers usually comprehend S. arvensis and nigra, Raphanus raphanistrum, and Brassica napus, as one or other most abound; but the former is the more noxious weed, and should be carefully extirpated. Sold by the name of Durham Mustard, aud said to be inferior to the produce of S. nigra. Though the greater part of the vegetable excrescences, termed galls, are caused by insects of the genus Cynips, they do not always originate from this tribe. Some are produced by beetles, as those on the roots of S. arvensis, which are inhabited by the larva of Curculio contractus, and Rynchanus assimilis, according to Kirby and Spence. E.) |
