R. HIRSUTUS. (Root fibrous: stem hairy, many-flowered: calyx glandular, hairy, accuminate, at length reflexed: seeds tuberculated. E.) Curt.-(E. Bot. 1504. E.)—J. B. iii. 417. 3. Stem more branched and spreading; hairs stiffer and longer than in R. bulbosus. Leaf-stalks of the lower leaves hollow, and if cut asunder, the nerves appear projecting into the inside of the tube. Leaves, lobes three more distinct, the middle and outermost rounder and less deeply divided at the edges, the side ones with a portion as if cut out from the inner edge; frequently with irregular pale or whitish spots, and the upper surface beset with projecting points, from which the hairs arise. Flowers more numerous, smaller, and seeds smaller than in R. bulbosus. Curt. Root, fibres long, thick, white. Root-leaves either entire or three-lobed, the middle leafit on a leaf-stalk. Flowers pale yellow. Woodw. (Whole plant covered with spreading hairs; varying greatly in luxuriance; rather pale. E.) (PALE HAIRY CROWFOOT. E.) Moist clayey places, where water has remained stagnant during the winter. Salt marshes near Gravesend. Ray. Various places about London; side of the road between Croydon and Mitcham; and plentifully by the sea side on the gravelly banks about Southampton. Curtis. Road sides, rubbish, &c.; Cambridgeshire. Relhan. Amongst corn in a clayey soil, and on new made banks of salt marshes, Yarmouth. Mr. Woodward. (Crosby, near Liverpool. Dr. Bostock. St. Anthon's Ballast Hills, Durham. Mr. Winch. Pentland Hills. Mr Arnott. Grev. Edin. Magilligan, Derry. Mr. Murphy. E.) A. June-Sept. (R. parvulus of Linn. and Fl. Brit. has been fully ascertained by Mr. D. Turner and Mr. Forster to be only a starved procumbent plant of R. hirsutus. E.) R. BULBO'SUS. Root bulbous: calyx reflexed: fruit-stalks furrowed: stem upright, many-flowered: leaves compound: (seeds smooth. E.) (E. Bot. 515. E.)-Mill. Ill.-Curt.-Kniph. 7-Walc.-Fl. Dan. 551Dod. 431. 1-Lob. Obs. 380. 3, and Ic. i. 667. 1—Ger. 953. 6—Park. 329. 5-Pet. 38. 4-Fuchs. 160—J. B. iii. 417. 4—Ger. 806. 6—Matth. 614. Root globular, fibrous at the base. Stems a foot high, upright, bare at the base, towards the top leafy, and branched. Lyons. Calyx at the bottom thin and semi-transparent. Stem never throwing out suckers like R. repens. Curt. Upper leaves, divisions strap-shaped. Bulb formed above the bulb of the preceding year. When it comes into flower, the old one, in a dry soil, may be found in a state of decay under the new one, and surrounded by the fibres, but without the least appearance of suckers proceeding from either of them. In a turf containing six plants, the roots were all distinct, excepting one, which appeared from its size, to phose from the flat to the capillary leaves taking place in the fresh shoots before they gain the surface of the water, after which they assume the form consonant to the natural habit of the plant, as in Horehound, &c. E.) So far is Water Crowfoot from possessing the deleterious qualities usually attributed to it, that Dr. Pulteney, in the fifth vol. of Linn, Tr. has given ample testimony to its capability of almost alone supporting horses, cows, and pigs, in good condition, and the animals eat it with avidity. be a seedling, with the old bulbs at the bottom. (This state of the plant having occasioned some perplexity to a correspondent of the Mag. Nat. Hist. is represented by a figure in that work. vol. i. 380. E.) Petals golden yellow. Woodw. (Plant acrid. Leaves more or less hairy: lobes of the lower ones nearly egg-shaped; upper leaves in linear segments. E.) Nectary short, inversely heart-shaped; in R. hirsutus, it is oblong eggshaped. This circumstance alone is sufficient to distinguish the two species. (Var. 2. Flore pleno. Flower double. About Leamington and Warwick. Perry. E.) BULBOUS CROWFOOT. BUTTER CUP. GOLD CUP. (Welsh: Chwys Mair; Blodau yr ymenyn. E.) Meadows and pastures, (which are chiefly indebted to this plant for that brilliant golden hue which must attract the admiration of every beholder during Spring. E.) P. May. R. REPENS. Calyx expanding: fruit-stalks furrowed: suckers creeping leaves compound, (upper ones entire. E.) Curt. 211-(E. Bot. 516. E.)-Blackw. 31. 1-Fl. Dan. 795-Dod. 425Lob. Obs. 379. 1, and Ic. i. 664. 2—Ger. Em. 951. 1-Pet. 38. 7 and 8H. Ox. iv. 28. 18-Pet. 38. 8-Ger. 804. 1. The stem creeping and striking out roots from the joints, will always distinguish this from R. bulbosus. Fruit-stalks with five furrows, and one or two flowers. Calyx hairy, deciduous, not reflexed. Blossom of a deeper yellow than R. acris. (Petals 'notched. Flowering-stems erect, one to two feet high. E.) CREEPING CROWFOOT or BUTTER CUPS. (Welsh Crafange y fran ymlusgaidd. E.) Meadows, pastures, on rubbish under hedges, and in gardens, in moist situations. P. June-Aug. R. ARVEN'SIS. Seeds prickly: upper leaves doubly compound, strapshaped (stem erect, branched, many-flowered. E.) Curt.-E. Bot. 135-Kniph. 12-Walc.-Fl. Dan. 219-Fuchs. 157—J. B. iii. 859. 1-Dod. 427. 2-Lob. Obs. 380. 1, and Ic. i. 665. 2-Ger. Em. 951. 3-Park. 328. 4—H. Ox. iv. 29. 23-Pet. 38. 10—Ger. 805. 3. (Stem twelve to eighteen inches high, nearly smooth, upright, much branched, cylindrical. Petals inversely egg-shaped, narrow. E.) Whole plant pale, (but slightly hairy. E.) Segments of the upper leafits, strapshaped. Flowers small, pale yellow. Pericarps (compressed, large. E.) more obviously muricate than those of R. parviflorus. Seeds and flowers on the same plants, at the same time. CORN CROWFOOT. Common in corn-fields. A. June.* It has lately been said that cows, horses, and sheep, in Italy eat it greedily, though it is so acrid as to poison the latter. Three ounces of the juice killed a dog in four minutes. Its growing chiefly, if not solely, in corn-fields, where cattle are excluded, may possibly be the reason why we have not heard of mischief being done by it in this country. (Though several British species of Ranunculus are disposed to become double, and are sometimes observed so in a wild state; the more showy kinds, which display an endless variety of the richest colours in our gardens, are of Turkish and Persian origin. E.) TROLLIUS. Cal. none: Petals about fourteen: Capsules many, egg-shaped, many-seeded: (Nectary compressed. E.) T. EUROPE'US. Petals converging: nectaries five to ten, as long as the stamens. Kniph. 4-Fl. Dan. 133—E. Bot. 28—Clus. i. 237. 1—Dod. 430. 1-Lob. Obs. 385. 1, and Ic. i. 675-Ger. Em. 955. 12—Ger. 809. 13-J. B. iii. 419-H. Ox. xii. 2. 2—Matth. 613-Park. Par. 219. 11. (Stem upright, about eighteen inches high, cylindrical, smooth, branching upwards. Seeds black and shining. E.) Blossoms globose, yellow. Nectaries yellow, not longer than the stamens. Leaves round in their circumscription, divided to the base into five, segments very entire at the base, jagged upwards. Capsules ribbed transversely, terminated by a crooked horn, pointing outwards, giving the head a star-like appearance. Woodw. GLOBE-FLOWER. GOWLANS. (Lucken-Gowan; i. e. CABBAGE DAISY, in H. VIR'IDIS. Stem many-flowered, leafy leaves digitate: petals ex◄ panding. (A name invented by Gesner, who thus latinized the German word trôl, spherical; descriptive of the globular form of the blossom. E.) + It is cultivated in flower gardens; and in its double state makes a handsome appearance. The term Lucken, (meaning closed as a cabbage) applied to this kind of Gowan, may tend to reconcile the prevalent opinion, and to identify the Globe-flower with the one introduced in the garland presented by the young Laird to Edinburgh Katy; or we should have supposed the Marsh Marigold, (which see), of more general occurrence, to have answered the description sufficiently well: "We'll gae to some burn-side to play The Lucken-Gowans frae the bog." A. Ramsay. E.) (From eλew, to destroy; and Bopa, food for cattle; q. d. poisonous food. E.) Jacq. Austr. 106-Curt.-Blackw. 509 and 510-E. Bot. 200-Kniph. 1— Fuchs. 274-J. B. iii. 636—Clus. i. 275. 1—Dod. 385. 2-Lob. Obs. 387. 2. and Ic. i. 680. 2—Ger. Em. 976. 2-Park. 212. 2 and 3-H. Ox. xii. 4. 5—Ger. 825. 2—Trag. 405—Lonic. i. 171. 2—Matth. 1221. Pistils three, sometimes four, rarely five. Crantz. Segments of the leaves' deeply serrated, particularly upwards. Flowers mostly two; drooping, yellowish green, (as are the large calyx leaves. E.) Root fleshy, black, with many long fibres. Stem upright, a foot high, forked at the top, leafy, smooth. Leaves large, smooth, shining; root-leaves petiolate, stemleaves sessile. Fl. Brit. E.) GREEN-FLOWERED HELLEBORE. Woods and dry pastures in chalky soil. Bigwin Closes, Ditton, and Whitwell, Cambridgeshire. Arundel Castle, Sussex. Knowlton, E. Kent; and Stoken Church, Oxfordshire. Orchard near Mr. Ballard's, Robinson's End, Malvern Chase. Mr. Wells. Near Piersbridge, but scarce. Mr. Robson. (Near Harefield, Middlesex. Miss Jane Baynes. Fl. Brit. Kiddow Lane, between Leeds and Tadcaster; about Aberford. Rev. W. Wood. Banks of the river opposite the mill, Knaresborough. Rev. J. Dalton. Bot. Guide. In the wood above Tollard Royal, Dorset. Dr. Pulteney. Hedge banks between the Dell and Longridge, Painswick. Mr. O. Roberts. Banks of the Tees, near Whorlton. Winch Guide. In the deep stony lane on the left hand, just before the turning to Norton farm, and at the top of Middle Dorton under the hedge, near Selborne. White's Nat. Hist. Dunglass glen. Dr. Parsons, in Lightf. Westfield wood, near Sandgate, Kent. Mr. Lee, in Sm. Obs. In a field near Studley Castle, Warwickshire. Purton. Between Rosmorran and Thenegie, Cornwall, near the brook. Dr. Forbes. E.) P. March-May.* H. FET'IDUS. Stem many-flowered, leafy: leaves pedate: petals converging. (E. Bot. 613. E.)-Woodr. 19-Kniph. 12-Blackw. 57-Fuchs. 275—J. B. iii. 880-Trag. 251-Dod. 386-Lob. Obs. 387. 4, and Ic. i. 680. 1—Ger. Em. 976. 4-Lob. Obs. 387. 3. and Ic. i. 679. 2—Ger. Em. 976. 3-Park. 212. 3-H. Ox. xii. 4. 6—Ger. 826. (Plant bushy, fetid, evergreen. E.) Leaves deep, lurid, green. Branches, leaf-stalks, floral-leaves, and flowers pale greenish yellow. Stipulæ at the divisions of the branches oval-spear-shaped, embracing the stem, solitary, with three deep clefts at the end tinged with purple. Floral-leaf ovalspear-shaped, entire, solitary, at the base of each fruit-stalk, tinged with purple. Woodw. Flowers numerous, panicled, drooping, globose, green, or tinged with purple at the edges. Stem about a yard high, pale, leafy. E.) BEAR'S-FOOT. SETTERWORT. FETID HELLEBORE. (Irish: Crub Mahuin ; Dahow Duh. Welsh: Crafrange yr arth; Llewyg y llyngyr. E.) Meadows, shady places, and hedges. Cherry-Hinton, Fulbourn, Triplow, Cambridgeshire. Downs near Chichester, Sussex. Woods A violent cathartic not to be administered without caution; being nearly similar in effect to its congener, and on the Continent often adopted for that. The powdered leaves, used as snuff, are said to have cured several cases of nyctalopia, and to be worthy of trial in other diseases of the eyes. (These species will flourish under trees, and are ornamental in shady walks and shrubberies. E.) between Congersbury and Backwell, Somersetshire. Bath Hills, near Bungay. Mr. Woodward. Woods in Tortworth Park, Gloucestershire. Mr. Baker. (Rockingham Forest, Northamptonshire. c mmon. Mr. Pitt. Lanes at Campsall, near Doncaster. Teesdale. Woods in Allondale, Northumberland. Mr. Winch. Bot. Guide. Side of Jack's Green, Shepscombe, Painswick. Mr. O. Roberts. Studley Castle, Dunnington and Arrow, Warwickshire. Purton. All over the High-wood and Coneycrofthanger, near Selborne. White's Nat. Hist. Near Tyfry, Anglesey. Welsh Bot. Banks of the Clyde at Blantyre Priory. Hopkirk. E.) P. Jan.-April. CALTHA. Calyx none: Petals five: Nectaries none: Cap sules several, many-seeded. C. PALUSTRIS. (Stem erect: leaves cordate, suborbicular, obtusely crenate. E.) (E. Bot. 506. E.)-Kniph. 7—Munt. Phyt. 436. 122-Curt.-Fl. Dan. 668 -Matth. 846-Clus. ii. 114. 1-Dod. 598. 1-Lob. Obs. 323. 2, and Ic. i. 594. 1-Ger. Em. 817. 1-Trag. 142—J. B. iii. 470-Lonic. i. 88. 3Park. 1213. 1—Ger. 670. 2 and 1-Walc. Leaves kidney-shaped, entire, sometimes veined and regularly toothed. Petals bright yellow, five to seven. Stamens in two rows, inner row with broad anthers, outer row twice as long, club-shaped, with the anthers compressed. (Flowers several, large, showy, pedunculate. E.) (Stem half a foot or more in height, but little branched, more or less upright, furrowed, smooth, stout, succulent.) Blossoms occasionally double, as represented in Park. 1213. 2—Clus. ii. 114. 2-Ger. Em. 818. 3-Ger. 681. 3. MARSH MARIGOLD. MEADOW-BOUT. (In Scotland, GowANS.) (Irish: Duilliur Spuink. Welsh: Troed yr ebol; Gold, neu Rhuddos y gors. Gaelic: A'chorra-shod. E.) Moist Meadows. Banks of rivers and pools, P. April-May.‡ common. The dried leaves are frequently given to children to destroy worms, (and have been recommended in different species of mania. E.) but they must be used sparingly, being violent in their operation; and instances of their fatal effects are recorded. (The powdered roots mixed with meal destroy mice. E.) Country people put the root into setons made through the dewlaps of oxen, (with the expectation of drawing off or relieving by the discharge, murrain or any other disease of cattle, a very ancient practice, recorded by Absyrtus and Hierocles. E.) A decoction of one or two drachms operates as a drastic purgative. (Mr. Purton never could increase the dose of powdered leaves beyond ten grains without considerable disturbance in the intestinal canal; nor can the same quantity of the fresh-dried plant be exceeded with any degree of safety. Mid. Fl. H. niger of the ancients, (described by Sibthorp in Fl. Græc. as H. officinalis, t. 523) according to Dioscorides, Pliny, and other authorities, appears to have possessed yet more powerful qualities, and was celebrated as an antimaniacal remedy. Experience may be too dearly purchased by trials of herbs so alarming in their effects as are even the British species of Hellebore, or it might be regretted that medical practitioners have acquired so little accurate knowledge of their virtues. The different species of Hellebore flourish under the shade of trees, and exhibit their singular blossoms during the most steril season. They are therefore acceptable in shrubberies, especially the Christmas Rose, supposed by some to be the real Black Hellebore of the ancients. E.) + (From calathus, a little basket; which the expanded flower somewhat resembles. E.) The flowers gathered before they expand, and preserved in salted vinegar, are a good substitute for capers. The juice of the petals, boiled with a little alum, stains paper |