S. ALOIDES. prickles. (E. Bot. 379. E.)-Fl. Dan. 337-Mill Ill.-Bergen de Aloide at p. 1Dod. 589. 1-Lob. Obs. 204. 1, and Ic. i. 375. 2-Ger. Em. 825-Ger. 677-Park. 1249. 1—J. B. iii. 787. 1-Pet. 71. 5.

Leaves triangular-sword-shaped: edge serrate with

(A stonoliferous aquatic, with numerous radical leaves, six to nine inches long, resembling those of an aloe. Flower-stalk solitary, shorter than the leaves, single-flowered. Flower white, large. Stamens and Pistils generally in the same flower, but they have been observed on different plants; and where they are found in the same flower, the anthers are barren. Linn. (Smith explains that such plants are not to be considered dioecious, but rather as exhibiting casual imperfections, the anthers in one flower, the stigmas in another, not unfrequent in plants that increase much by root. E.)

WATER ALOE. FRESH-WATER SOLDIER. Slow streams, and fen ditches. In Norfolk and Suffolk, frequent. Mr. Woodward. (Also in the marshy parts of Lincolnshire, and Cambridgeshire. E.) In pools about four miles from Holmes Chapel, Cheshire. Mr. Hunter. In the Gyme, near Thorn, Yorkshire. Mr. Robson. (Near Beverley. Col. Machell. Lowndham Hall Mere, Suffolk. Crabbe. At Bradwell, and elsewhere about Yarmouth; on Haddisco Dam, close by the turnpike-gate. Mr. Wigg. In abundance on Hoveton Common, Norfolk. Mr. Dawson Turner. Near the New Bridge at Gainsborough. Sir T. G. Cullum. Bot. Guide. Ponds at Nether Witton, Northumberland. Mr. Winch. In an outlet of the Ouse, below Hartford. Dr. Baumgartner. Duddingston, Clunie, and Forfar lochs. Hook. Scot. Canal near Drogheda. Mr. Murphy. E.) P. June-July.*

POLYGYNIA.

ZOSTE'RA. Spike-stalk strap-shaped, concealed within a grass-like leaf, bearing the fructifications on one side : Cal. none: Bloss. none: Stam. alternate: Caps. alternate: Seeds solitary.

Z. MARI'NA. Capsules sessile: (leaves strap-shaped, long, flaccid. E.) (Hook. Fl. Lond. 35-E. Bot. 467. E.)-Fl. Dan. 15. Stems much branched, (two or three feet long, radicating. E.) Leaves floating, long, grass-like, blunt, from leaf-scales sheathing, pointed. Flowers in a spadix, three or four inches long, on one side of the leaf near

* In the autumn the plants sink to the bottom of the water, and in the spring from amongst the leaves of the old plants arise numerous thick suckers, each bearing a young plant, which floats on the surface, where it grows to maturity. Sometimes eight or ten form a circle on the surface, to which the strings are radii, and the old plant at the bottom the centre, and in this manner they frequently entirely fill up ditches, to the exclusion of all other herbage. I should suppose the parent plant decays, as the floating plants shoot out fibres, which, if they do not sooner, on sinking probably lay hold of the mud, and these, I apprehend, produce the fresh offspring. If such be its mode of growth, it is an example of a biennial of a very singular nature. Woodward. A great variety of insects are nourished by this plant; some of them pursue it down to the bottom of the water, and devour the leaves. Swine eat it. Goats refuse it. (As a curious, if not beautiful, vegetable, it is worthy of propagation. E.)

the base, which is at first covered with a transparent skin. Woodw. (Mr. Wilson communicates the following particulars respecting this obscure plant to Prof. Hooker. "I have found it, as you represent, occasionally monoecious, the anthers occupying the lower portion of the spadix. In one instance the spadix was entirely covered by sixteen pistils, placed two and two, and some in a reversed position; still the androgynous character is the most usual. I observed the impregnation to take place in contact with water, the anthers and stigmas being protruded beyond the folding edges of the sheath. The true or barren leaves appear to be essentially different from those bearing fructification; the former being sessile, with an entire sheathing base, closely surrounding the stem; while the fertile leaves are stalked. I therefore consider the latter as true spathæ, surmounted by bractea, resembling the proper leaves. E.)

COMMON GRASS-WRACK. (Welsh: Ysnoden las-werdd y môr, gwellt y gamlas. E.) On the sea-shores, almost every where, and in adjacent salt water ditches. P. June-Aug.* (The real Z. oceanica, admitted into our former Editions on the authority of Ray, as having been observed about the Isle of Mersey, and at Gatham Haven, Portsea, is never found growing on the British shores. E.) A'RUM. (Sheath one leaf, convolute at the base: Fruitstalk naked above, bearing germens below, and sessile stamens in the middle: Perianth none. E.)

A. MACULATUM. Stemless: leaves halberd-shaped, entire spike-stalk club-shaped.

Curt. 114-(E. Bot. 1298. E.)-Riv. Mon. 124. 1; Arum-Mill Ill.— Blackw. 228-Fl. Dan. 505-Woodv. 25-Bull.-Fuchs. 69-J. B. ii. 784-Dod. 329. 2-Lob. Obs. 325. 2, and Ic. i. 597. 2-Ger. Em. 834. 1 -H. Ox. xiii. 5. row 3. 1-Lonic. i. 200. 1-Trag. 774-Matth. 596— Park. 373. 1. 2.

(Root tuberous. Plant glabrous. E.) Spike-stalk, or spadix, the upper part purple, sometimes buff coloured, or mottled with buff and purple. Germens greenish yellow, the upper terminating in a hair-like or awlshaped style or summit, purple at the end. Anthers with two open cells. Nectaries, the row above the stamens exactly similar to the upper germens. Leaves large, glossy, generally spotted with black, and sometimes

Thrown on the shore by the tide, in great plenty, and mounds or walls are built with it to oppose the encroachment of the sea. Exposure to the weather bleaches it white. Buildings are thatched with the green leaves, which will endure upwards of a century. It is used by the inhabitants of Gothland, in Sweden, as a manure, and also for stuffing beds, in preference to hay, as being softer. (Much has been imported for such purposes, but the Highland Society now encourage the collecting of it on our own shores. E.) Horses and swine eat it. Cows are not fond of it. (The minute Conferva zóstericola, Fl. Dan. 1599. 1. is a parasitic of this plant: also Ulva plantaginea, Gray; and Berkeleya fragilis, Grev. Scot. Crypt. 294; "Of a reddish-brown colour, roundish form, consisting of a gelatinous mass or receptacle, less than half an inch in diameter, and a number of filaments which spring from its surface, and contain fusiform granules." And still more worthy of attention, Exilaria flabellata; most elegantly illustrated in Grev. Scot. Crypt. 289, and thus described :-" Branched, elongated, the branches hyaline, alternate, spreading." Investing the leaves of Zostera for several inches together, when dry shining with metallic lustre. Stem erect, one-third of an inch in length, branched, pellacid, colourless. Branches terminated by fan-shaped expansions, composed of wedgeshaped, hyaline, yellow bodies, very deciduous." E.)

streaked with white. Sheath conical; large, pale green. Berries red, growing in a naked cluster.

WAKE ROBIN CUCKOO-PINT. (Cows AND CALVES: LORDS AND LADIES: with other fanciful names. Irish: Clovas a Gachir. Welsh: Calar gethlydd; Pidyn y gog. E.) Shady places, ditch-banks and rough grounds, (both in England and Scotland, though not so frequent in the latter. Woods at Dalhousie. Maughan. Grev. Edin. E.) P. May.* ANEMONE. Cal. generally none: Petals five to ten, imbri

(The scarlet berries about the close of summer render the hedge-banks gay, when flowers are no more, and their own foliage has long disappeared. E.) The root and the leaves, when recent, are so extremely pungent, that it is highly disagreeable to taste them. The root has been employed in medicine as a stimulant, but when reduced to powder it loses much of its acrimony, and there is reason to suppose that the compound powder, which takes its name from this plant, owes its virtues chiefly to other ingredients. Dried and powdered, it is used by the French as a lotion, and is sold at a high price, under the name of Cypress Powder. It is undoubtedly a good and innocent cosmetic.—After the acrimony of the roots has been extracted, either by boiling or baking, they afford a very mild and wholesome farinaceous nutriment, resembling Salep. Many nations prepare the only bread they have from plants as acrimonious as this; first dissipating the noxious qualities by heat.

(Wedelius conjectures that the plant named Chara, on which, mixed with milk and made into a sort of bread, Cæsar's soldiers were subsisted at Dyrrachium during a scarcity of provisions, was either this species of Arum, or one much resembling it, which seems not improbable from the nutritive and farinaceous qualities of the root. Vid. Orobus tuberosus. Formerly Cuckoo-pint was well known by the name of Starch-wort, a pure and white starch being obtained from it. Dioscorides reports that the leaves may also be eaten, after being dried and boiled. Gerard asserts a curious fact from Aristotle, Ælimus, and other ancient authorities-that "Beares after they have lien in their dens forty daies without any maner of sustenance, (but what they got with licking and sucking their owne feete), as soone as they come forth, eate the herbe Cuckow-pint:" which seems to prove a sure restorative. In severe snowy winters, according to the observations of Mr. White, the roots are scratched out of the dry banks of hedges and eaten by thrushes. Its economical uses appear to be well known abroad. In France it bears the name of Chou Poivre, (Pepper Cabbage), and Pain de Liévre, (Hare's Bread), as though eaten by those animals. In a recent and acrimonious state its virtues as a carminative and stomachic may be such as described by old authors, but its power is soon lost by drying.-As a stimulant, producing copious perspiration, it has been recommended in rheumatic pains. For medicinal purposes the roots should be gathered after the leaves decay, and not, as is too commonly practised, when the plant is in full foliage; which error may have greatly tended to bring its virtues into disrepute. It has been latterly much used in England as a substitute for the Maranta, or Indian Arrow-root, and is frequently sold in the shops as the genuine article. In Portland Island, where the Arum flourishes abundantly even upon the stubble lands, Mr. Griffith observed a number of women engaged in digging up the roots for this purpose for the supply of the London dealers, which they stated to be their regular employment. Repeated washing, or soaking in fresh water many hours, is said to dissipate the pernicious quality. At Weymouth many cwts. are sold annually for starch, or as nourishment for young children and invalids; and also used in pastry, puddings, &c. From the Flat Holmes might be collected a sufficient quantity to be worthy the attention of Bristol market. In some parts of Worcestershire it is designated Bloody-men's-fingers, and some commentators have imagined it to be the Long-purples of Shakspeare, rather than Orchis mascula, which see, though with less probability. The flower of this plant has been cited as affording a remarkable instance of the spontaneous heat generated in vegetables; which, according to the observations of Lamarck and Senebier, is evolved in a very obvious degree, for several hours subsequent to the first opening of the spatha. Dr. Swediaur recommends the powdered root in dyspepsia, headaches, and intermittent fevers, in doses of gr. x. xx. or xxx. E.)

+(From 'Avuos, the wind; being readily agitated, or its petals easily scattered, as

cated: Capsules many, with awns or tails formed by the permanent styles. A. PULSATIL'LA. (Flower solitary, nearly upright: involucrum in deep linear segments: petals six, erect: seeds with feathery tails: leaves doubly pinnate, cut, with linear lobes. Sm. E.) (Hook. Fl. Lond.-Ludw. 119. E.)—E. Bot. 51-Fl. Dan. 153—Relh. at p. 208-Matth. 620-Clus. i. 246. 1-Dod. 433. 1-Lob. Obs. 149. 2, and Ic. i. 281. 2-Ger. Em. 385. 1—Park. 341. 2—Kniph. 1—H. Ox. iv. 26. row 1. 1-Pet. 40. 9-Ger. 308. 1 and 2, and 309-Lonic. i. 83. 2-J. B. iii. 409. 2 and 3.

Bloss. pendulous. Petals violet-coloured, (spear-shaped, downy outside. All the leaves from the root hairy. Root rather woody. Stem six or eight inches high, downy. In reducing A. pratensis of Sibthorp to this species, we submit to the authority of Dr. Williams, Professor of Botany at Oxford, and follow the example of Smith, Relhan, &c. Indeed the difference in the size of the flower, and the petals being reflexed instead of straight, is scarcely sufficient to constitute even a permanent variety. E.)

PASQUE FLOWER. (4. pratensis. Sibth. With. Ed. 4, but not of Linn. E.) High pastures, Gogmagog Hills, Hildersham, Bartlow, Cambridgeshire. Bernack Heath, near Stainford; Leadstone Hall, above a lake in a place called the Close, near Pontefract; Cornbury Park, near Charlbury, Oxfordshire. Tulip Hills, near Lexham, Norfolk. Mr. Pitchford. Canham Heath, near Bury; and Devil's Ditch, Newmarket. Mr. Woodward. Above Sir J. Paul's, Rodborough, Gloucestershire, common. Mr. Baker. P. April-May."

A. NEMORO'SA. (Flower solitary: petals six, elliptical: seeds pointed, without tails: involucrum of three ternate, or quinate, stalked, lobed and cut, leaves. Sm. E.)

(E. Bot. 355. E.)-Curt.-Kniph. 1-Fl. Dan. 5'49-Fuchs. 161—J. B. iii. 412. 2-Lonic. i. 163. 4-Trag. 95. 1. 1-ier. 306. 2-Walc.-Clus. i. 247.1-Dod. 435.2-Lob. Obs. 384. 2, and fc. i. 673. 2-Ger. Em. 383. 2 -Park. 325. 1—H. Or. iv. 28. 10-Pet. 40. 9-Ger. 307. 3 and 4. Petals three inner and three outer. Lir .n. Plant six to eight inches high, smooth, excepting the leaves. S cem-leaves doubly three-fold; leafits egg-spear-shaped, variously jaged or lobed; veins slightly hairy. Petals white, full half an inch 1 ong, the outer tinged with purple at the

noticed in Ovid. Met. ; and hence the poetical allusion of Sir W. Jones: "Youth like a thin Anemone, displays

His si ken leaf, and in a morn decays."

Or for a more interesting

miting.

amaur

3

origin we may cite the beautiful epitaph of Bion to Adonis:

· Αν αἴ τὰν Κυθέρειαν Απώλετο καλος "Αδωνις.

Δάκρυον ὁ Παφίη τόσον ἐκχέει, ὅσσον "Αδωνις

Αἷμα χέει τὰ δὲ πάντα ποτὶ χθονὶ γίγνεται ἄνθη.

Αἷμα ῥόδον τίκτει, τὰ δὲ δάκρυα τὰν Ανεμώναν." Ε.)

(Sometimes admitted into gardens. The leaves and flowers taken inwardly excite voHaller. Corrosive and rubifacient. The inspissated juice is recommended in juir osis and paralysis; externally for ulcers, herpetic eruptions, &c. Swediaur. The e of the petals stains paper green, and is used in some countries to colour the Paschal gs, whence supposed the English name; or rather, according to Gerard, derived from the season of flowering, about Pasque time, or Easter. E.)-Goats and sheep eat it. Horses, cows, and swine refuse it.

base. Woodw. Stem and fruit-stalk purplish. Flowers rather drooping, blackish, sometimes double, or entirely of a purplish red colour, as Hutton certifies, about Keswick, and others have remarked in Devon shire. Root tuberous, horizontal. E.)

WOOD ANEMONE. (Irish: Nead Coilleah. Welsh: Frithogen y goedwig ; Blodeuyn y gwynt. E.) Woods, hedges, and hollow-ways, common.

P. April. A. RANUNCULOIDES. (Flowers mostly in pairs: petals five, (sometimes six), elliptical: seeds pointed, without tails: involucrum of three or five somewhat stalked, deeply cut, leaves. E.)

(E. Bot. 1484 E.)-Fuchs. 162-Trag. 95. 2-Lonic. i. 163. 5-Kniph. 1— Ger. 306. 1-Fl. Dan. 140-Lob. Ic. i. 674. 1-Ger. Em. 383. 1-Park. 325.5.

Much resembling A. nemorosa, but petals yellow, alternately two on the outside, and two within. Fruit-stalk with two leafits, the latter of which is at the base. (Leaves few. Involucrum nearly sessile. E.) The stem occasionally supports a single flower, and is flexuose towards the bottom, as represented in the fig. of Fuchsius and Fl. Dan. YELLOW WOOD ANEMONE. Shady places and hedges, rare. Near King's

The flowers fold up in a curious manner, and bend downwards, against rain. The whole plant is acrid. Goats and sheep eat it, but it is apt to disorder the latter violently. Horses, cows, and swine refuse it. Linn. (The recent flowers are poisonous, and the plant yields an acrid, volatile principle, so corrosive as to be used externally instead of Cantharides. It it is also serviceable in head-achs, tertian agues, and rheumatic gouf, Swediaur. E.) This plant is sometimes found with yellow dots on the under surface of the leaves, in which state it is figured in Ray, 3. 1. at p. 128, and has been mistaken for a Polypodium. Some have supposed these dots the work of an insect, but without sufficient proof. Dr. Pulteney, in Linn. Tr. ii. p. 305, has rendered it probable that they are formed of a minute species of Lycoperdon, though as they may be discovered in their younger state under the outer cuticle of the lea., it is not obvious how the seeds could be introduced. These plants are evidently in a diseased state, of a yellow green, and do not bear flowers. The leaf of Betonica officinalis is liable to be affected in the same manner: (also that of Fragaria. The roots afford a nidus for Peziza tuberosa. By garden culture the ary petals, and thus it attracts the admiration stamens become transformed into supernumer it merely affects the "simplex munditiis.” of the florist more than when in its native shades 'with peculiar propriety to this genuine The remarks of an elegant writer may be applied primaveral production, fit emblem of virgin modes a naturally implanted passion, without any alloy bu of Spring that always bring with them the greatest degre seem immediately to expand at the sight of the first opening race may be. It is not intrinsic beauty, or splendour, that so c. of Spring cannot compete with the grander matrons of the advanc unheeded, perhaps lost, in the rosy bowers of Summer and of Antu. meeting with a long-lost friend, the reviving glow of a natural affection at this season: to maturity they give pleasure as a harbinger of the re. signal of awakening nature, or of a higher promise: to youth, they are exp opening years, hilarity, and joy. With Summer flowers we seem to live a neighbours, in harmony and good will; but Spring flowers are cherished as friendships." Though the more splendid varieties of Anemonies or Wind-flowe. derived from exotic species, which beautifully enamel the meads of Greece, our nat ornament of the lonely thicket cannot fail to engage a due degree of admiration, "Where thickly strewed in woodland bowers Anemonies their stars unfold." E.)

"The love of flowers seems perhaps, it is the early flowers e of pleasure, and our affections - blossom, however humble its harms us, for the fair maids ed year; they would be un no, it is our first that so warms us newal of life, a anding being, with our private

are