tom of it must be equal to the Bottom of the Nofe. The Noftrils ought not to come out farther than the Corner of the Eye in any Face, and the Middle of the Mouth must always be plac'd upon the perpendicular Line. There is an ingenious Device which perhaps may fomewhat affift you in forming the Face according to its different Turnings, and in placing the Features properly thereon.. Procure a Piece of Box or other fmooth even-colour'd Wood, and get it turn'd in the Shape of an Egg, which is pretty nearly the Shape of the human Head. Draw a Line upon it from Point to Point longways, as you fee in Fig. 1. Plate the 7th. Divide this Line into two equal Parts, and draw another thro' that Point, directly across it at right Angles, as you fee in Fig. 2. The Features being drawn on these two Lines according to the Rules given you above, will produce a fore-right Face, as you fee in Fig. 3. Turn the Oval a fmall Matter from the left Hand to the right, and the Perpendicular will appear bent like a Bow or Arch, as you see in Fig. 4. upon which the particular Features are to be drawn as in Fig. 5. always obferving in what manner the Nose projects beyond the round of the Oval. The fame must be obferv'd if you turn the Oval from the right to the left, as in Fig. 6. If you incline the Oval downwards and to the right, the cross Lines will appear as in Fig. 7, and the Features drawn on them as in Fig. 8. If you turn it upwards reclining to the left, the Lines of the Crofs will appear as in Fig. 9, and a Face drawn on them, as in Fig. 10. A great Variety of Faces may by fhewn on this Oval, according as you incline, recline, or turn it more or less: and a Side-Face mav be drawn by means of a Perpendicular, as in Fig. 11, on which the Forehead, Nofe, Mouth, and Chin are to be defcrib'd, as you fee in Fig. 12. Thefe Rules being thoroughly understood, and imprinted in your Mind by frequent Practice, I doubt not but you will be able in a little Time to draw Faces from your own Fancy and Invention. And you will be better grounded in the Art than those who merely draw from Prints or Pictures, without understanding any thing of the Rules. But after this, I would have you carefully study and copy after the best Drawings or Pictures you can procure. In the mean time, those that are here before you are well worthy of your best · Attention, and moft careful Imitation. LESSON VII. Of drawing buman Figures. F you are tolerably perfect in drawing Hands, Feet, now attempt to human Figure at length. In order to which, firft form your Oval for the Head, then draw a perpendicular Line from the Bottom of the Head fix times its Length; (for the Length of the Head is one feventh Part of the Length of the Figure.) The beft-proportion'd Figures of the Ancients are 7 Heads 4 in Height. If therefore your Figure ftands upright, draw a perpendicular Line from the Top of the Head to the Heel, which you muft divide into two equal Parts. The Bottom of the Belly is exactly the Center. Divide the lower Part into two equal Parts again, the Middle of which is the Middle of the Knee. For the upper Part of your Figure you must vary the Method. Take off with your Compaffes the Length of the Face (which is 3 Parts in 4 of the Length of the Head) from the Throat-pit to the Pit of the Stomach is one Face, from thence to the Navel is another, and from thence to the lower Rim of the Belly is a third: as you fee in the Example Plate the 9th, which Line muft be divided into feven equal Parts, as you fee in the faid Figure. Against the End of the first Divifion place the Breafts, the fecond comes down to the Navel, the third to the Privities, the fourth to the Middle of the Thigh, the fifth to the lower Part of the Knee, the fixth to the lower Part of the Calf, and the feventh to the Bottom of the Heel, the Heel of the bearing Leg being always exactly under the Pit of the Throat. But as the Effence of all Drawing confifts in making at firft a good Sketch, you must in this Particular be very careful and accurate; draw no one Part perfect or exact, till you fee whether the whole Draught be good, and when you have alter'd that to your Mind, you may then finifh one Part after another, as curiously as you can. There are fome, who, having a Statue to copy, begin with the Head, which they finifh, and then proceed in the farie manner to the other Parts of the Body, finifhing as they go; but this Method generally fucceeds ill, for if they make the Head in the leaft too big, or too little, the Confequence is a Difproportion between all the Parts, occafion'd by their not having sketch'd the whole proportionably at firft. Remem ber ber therefore, in whatever you intend to draw, first to sketch its several Parts, measuring the Distances and Proportions between each with your Finger or Pencil, without using the Compaffes; and then judge of them by your Eye, which by Degrees will be able to judge of Truth and Proportion, and will become your beft and principal Guide. And here let me obferve to you, as a general Rule, always to begin with the right Side of the Piece you are copying; for by that means you will always have what you have done before your Eyes; and the reft will follow more naturally, and with greater Eafe whereas if you begin with the left Side, your Hand and Arm will cover what you do firft, and deprive you of the Sight of it, by which means you will not be able to proceed with fo much Eafe, Pleasure, or Certainty. As to the Order and Manner of your proceeding in drawing the human Body, you must first sketch the Head, then the Shoulders in their exact Breadth; then draw the Trunk of the Body, beginning with the Arm-pits, (leaving the Arms till afterwards) and fo draw down to the Hips on both Sides, and befure you obferve the exact Breadth of the Waift. When you have done this, then draw that Leg which the Body ftands upon, and afterwards the other which stands loofe; then draw the Arms, and laft of all the Hands. Take notice alfo of the Bowings and Bendings that are in the Body, making the Part which is oppofite to that which bends, correfpond to it in bending with it. For instance, if one Side of the Body bend in, the other must stand out answerable to it. If the Back bend in, the Belly must stick out; if the Knee bend out, the Ham must fall in; and fo of any other Joint in the Body. Finally, endeavour to form all the Parts of your Figure with Truth, and in juft Proportion. Not one Arm, or one Leg bigger or less than the other; not broad Herculean Shoulders, with a thin and flender Waist: nor raw and bony Arms, with thick and gouty Legs: but let there be a kind of harmonious Agreement amongst the Members, and a beautiful Symmetry throughout the whole Figure. I will conclude this Leffon by giving you from Frefnoy, The Meafures of a human Body. The Ancients have commonly allowed eight Heads to their Figures; tho' fome of them have but feven. But we ordinarily divide the Figures into ten Faces; that is to fay, from the Crown of the Head to the Sole of the Foot, in the following manner. Hh 4 From From the Crown of the Head to the Forehead, is the third Part of a Face. The Face begins at the Root of the loweft Hairs which are upon the Forehead, and ends at the Bottom of the Chin. The Face is divided into three proportionable Parts; the firft contains the Forehead, the fecond the Nofe, and the third the Mouth and Chin. From the Chin to the Pit betwixt the Collar-Bones, are two Lengths of a Nofe. From the Pit betwixt the Collar-Bones to the Bottom of the Breaft, one Face. From the Bottom of the Breafts to the Navel, one Face. From the Genitors to the upper Part of the Knees, two Faces. The Knee contains half a Face. From the lower Part of the Knee to the Ancle, two Faces. A Man when his Arms are ftretch'd out, is, from the longeft Finger of his right Hand, to the longest of his left, as broad as he is long. From one Side of the Breafts to the other, two Faces. The Bone of the Arm called Humerus, is the Length of two Faces, from the Shoulder to the Elbow. From the End of the Elbow to the Root of the little Finger, the Bone called Cubitus, with Part of the Hand, contains two Faces. From the Box of the Shoulder-Blade, to the Pit betwixt the Collar-Bones, one Face. If you would be fatisfied in the Measures of Breadth from the Extremity of one Finger to the other; fo that this Breadth fhould be equal to the Length of the Body, you must observe that the Boxes of the Elbows, with the Humerus, and of the Humerus with the Shoulder-Blade, bear the Proportion of half a Face, when the Arms are ftretch'd out. The Sole of the Foot is the fixth Part of the Figure. The Thumb contains a Nose. The Infide of the Arm, from the Place where the Muscle difappears, which makes the Breaft, called the pectoral Muscle, to the Middle of the Arm, four Nofes. From the Middle of the Arm to the Beginning of the Hand, five Nofes. The longeft Toe is a Nofe long. The two utmoft Parts of the Teats, and the Pit betwixt the Collar-Bones of a Woman, make an equilateral Triangle. For For the Breadth of the Limbs, no precife Measures can be given; because the Measures themselves are changeable according to the Quality of the Perfons; and according to the Movement of the Muscles. I LESSON VIII, Of Drapery. N the Art of cloathing your Figures, or cafting the Drapery properly and elegantly upon them, many Things are to be observ'd. 1. The Eye muft never be in doubt of its Object, but the Shape and Proportion of the Part or Limb which the Drapery is fuppos'd to cover, muft appear; at least fo far as Art and Probability will permit; and this is fo material a Confideration, that many Artists draw first the naked Figure, and afterwards put the Draperies upon it. 2. The Drapery muft not fit too close to the Parts of the Body; but let it feem to flow round, and as it were embrace them; yet fo as that the Figure may be eafy, and have a free Motion. 3. The Draperies which cover thofe Parts that are expos'd to great Light, muft not be fo deeply fhaded as to feem to pierce them; nor fhould thofe Members be crofs'd by Folds that are too ftrong; left, by the too great Darkness of their Shades the Members look as if they were broken. 4. The great Folds must be drawn firft, and then ftrok'd into leffer ones; and great care must be taken that they do not crofs one andther improperly. 5. Folds in general fhould be large, and as few as poffible. However they must be greater or lefs according to the Quantity and Quality of the Stuffs of which the Drapery is fuppofed to be made. The Quality of the Perfons is alfo to be confider'd in the Drapery. If they are Magiftrates, their Draperies ought to be large and ample; if Country Clowns or Slaves, they ought to be coarfe and short; if Ladies or Nymphs, light and foft. 6. Suit the Garments to the Body, and make them bend with it, according as it stands in or out, ftrait or crooked; or as it bends one Way or another; and the closer the Garment fits to the Body, the narrower and fmaller muft be the Folds. 7. Folds well-imagin'd give much Spirit to any kind of Action; because their Motion implies a Motion in the acting Member, which feems to draw them |
