Papacy, contests of, with Napoleon, usurpations of, over Ecu- changes in, effected by the antagonism of culture to, in autocracy of, recently at- 576 Papal States, brigandage in, cxxxii. 299; reforms of Sixtus V., 301 Papyrus, varieties of, used by Ro- 354 Paraná river, the, its magnitude, to, cxxxix. 250. See Sacred Heart des Impôts, cxxxi. 370; his high taxation, 373; on the aptitude of Paris, evil of exclusive attachment political intelligence of the attractions of, to educated desolate condition of, under parks and gardens of, by Mr. Scottish Missionary College 443 technical schools at, cxxvii. National Library at, cxxxix. 25, 35 Congress of (1856), its de- claration against privateering, cxv. 262; its provisions as to arbitration disregarded by Prussia and Italy, cxxiv. 278. See Paris, Treaty of Paris, Peace of (1763), its disastrous results to France, cxxv. 508 Paris, Treaties of (1814-1815), neutrality of Switzerland and Savoy assured by, cxi. 543, 546; the treaties disregarded by France and Sardinia, 548 Treaty of (1856), negotiations preceding, cxxxiii. 267, 273 (see Russian War); neutralisation of the Black Sea, ib, 275; separate Treaty of 15th April between England, France, and Austria, ib. Paris Commune, the, early munici pal rights of, cxxxiv. 256; longstanding State jealousy of, 259; Marcel's insurrection of 1356, 261; outbreak of the Maillotins, 262; the Guise insurrection, 263; spirit of military sedition, 264; policy of the National Assembly, 265; anarchy after 1789, 268; the municipal law of 1790, 269; the Permanent Committee,' 270; during the Reign of Terror, 272; origin of the crisis, 273; measures of the directory,' 275; constitution of 1790 described, ib.; apathy of electors, 276; condition of, in 1792, 278; the stronghold of revolutionary excesses, 279; treacherous conduct of Pétion as Mayor, ib.; events from June 20 to August 10, ib., 281; usurpation of executive power, ib.; the Comité de Surveillance, 282; the Assembly overawed, 284; parallel of the Commune of 1871, ib.; its theory, 285; English admirers of, 287; gloomy prospects, 288; predicted by M. Randot, 289; recent works on the Commune of 1871, 511; the insurrection of March 18, ib.; obscurity of the leaders, ib.; po at pular rage at Bazaine's surrender of Metz, 512; the Belleville fanatics, 513; Flourens, ib.; earlier and younger revolutionists, 515; character and antecedents of Delescluze, 516; Félix Pyat, 517; negotiations of Jules Favre with Bismarck, 518; speech of Ledru Rollin, 519; cry for 'La Commune,' ib.; capture of the Hôtel de Ville, ib.; plébiscite in favour of Trochu, 520; later unpopularity of the Government of Defence, ib.; émeute of January 22, 521; the capitulation, ib.; the new National Assembly, ib.; peace ratified at Bordeaux, 522; the 'Rurals,' ib.; irritation towards the Assembly, 524; quiet at the Prussian entry, ib.; revolutionary placards, 525; the International Society, 526, 532; other elements of disorder, ib.; outbreak Montmartre on March 17, 533; murder of Generals Lecomte and Clément Thomas, 534; the insurgents masters of Paris, 535; Lullier and Assi, ib.; tardy attempts of the Government to recover the cannon, 536; they withdraw to Versailles, 537; rise of 'the party of order,' ib.; conduct of the Assembly, 538; Admiral Saisset sent to pacify Paris, 539; matter of the Communal elections, 540; courageous protest of the Press, ib.; demonstrations of the party of order, ib.; massacre on the Place Vendôme, ib.; the maires and deputies at Versailles, 541; the Communists pretend to negotiate, 542; the elections, 543; title of Commune' adopted, 544; first Committee of Public Safety, 545; relations with Paris journals, 547; sovereignty of the Assembly contested, 548; the delegates of Lyons, ib.; ultimatum of the Central Committee, 550; execution of the Communist General Duval, 563 -Official Reports on,cxxix. 366; 'Parisians,' the, unfinished novel by Lord Lytton, cxxxix. 383; interest Park (Mr.), his triumph in amputa- Parker (Matthew, Archbishop of Parkes (Joseph), cxxxviii. 230 Parliament, shortening of time for doctrine of ministerial respon- salutary legislation of, be- increased power of, under enormous increase of legisla- problem of success in, cxxxv. authority of, over Convoca- Parliament, Acts of, useless verbiage of, before Lord Brougham's Abbreviation Bill, cxi. 194; his remarks on their unskilful preparation, 200; need of consolidation, ib. Acts of (Private), cxxv. 85; multiplicity of, ib.; Bentham's criticisms, 86; the Constitutional Code, ib.; progressive increase of, 87; expedients of reform, ib.; their exceptional character, 88; the first Act of 1266, ib.; used for banishment and attainder, ib.; definition of the Record Commissioners, 89; earliest local statutes, ib.; the first Divorce Act, ib.; first Road and Waterworks Acts, ib.; Acts for marsh-lands, turnpiketrusts, workhouses, canals, and gas, 90; present number of Acts nearly 30,000, ib.; legislative and judicial functions of Parliament, ib.; cost and uncertainty of contests, 91; failures of past reformers, ib.; diversities of opinion thereon, ib.; fickle railway legislation, 93; rules as to bona fide deposits, 94 ; inquiries of Referees as to engineering, ib.; Lord Redesdale's Committee of 1866, ib.; Parliament jealous of its Railway jurisdiction, 95; service on Committees distasteful, ib.; onerous duties of chairmen, ib.; dissatisfaction with their decisions, 96; proposal of an external Board for railways, ib. ; Inclosures considered as a precedent thereof, ib. 97; the scheme unsatisfactory, ib. ; objections to a permanent judicial tribunal, ib.; jurisdiction of Committees defended on grounds of public policy, 98; legal weakness of Committees, ib.; an Assessor recommended, 99; Bills should be deferred for enactment till the next Session, ib.; comparison of foreign railway legislation, 100, 105; principles of legislation, 107 Parliament, dissolution of, the Crown's prerogative limited, cxv. 236 Houses of, burning of, in 1834, cxxxiii. 315 the Long, terrorism to the minority in, cxii. 471 Parliament (of 1859) returned in answer to a personal appeal, cxx. 566; vote of want of confidence carried, ib.; financial embarrassments of Mr. Disraeli, 568; improvements effected by Mr. Gladstone, 569, 570; results of the Commercial Treaty with France, ib. 571; policy vindicated with regard to Poland and Denmark, 573; debate on Japan, 578; principles of Colonial defence established, 579; successful Indian policy, 580; called 'the extravagant Parliament' by Mr. Cobden, ib.; improved condition of the Army and Navy, 581, 584; fortification of dockyards, ib.; the Cotton Famine, 585; education, 586, 587; popular and useful measures, ib. 589; summary of reforms, 590; ecclesiastical measures, ib. 591; errors of the Tory Opposition, ib. 592; their defeat on the Dano-German question, ib.; future measures, 593 its unselfish interest in Reform, cxxii. 280; disagreement of the Liberals thereon, 288; long duration of, 291; absence of fierce party contests, ib.; prospects of the Dissolution, 294 Parliament (1865-1868), Liberal majority in, due to Lord Palmerston's policy, cxxv. 269; his death, 270; Mr. Gladstone, Prime Minister, ib.; defeat of the Liberals, ib. (see Reform Bill of 1866); the Derby-Disraeli Government, 283, 301 the Session of 1867, cxxvi. 541; tergiversation of the Con servatives on Reform, ib. 544; the 'ten minutes' Reform Bill, 548; its sudden withdrawal, ib.; substitution of the Household Suffrage Bill, ib. (see Reform Act, 1867); compared with its predecessors since 1832, 573; anticipations of a Reformed Parliament, 579; questions for future legislation, 582; prospects of the next election, 583 Parliament (1865-1868), dissolved by a Tory Government, cxxviii. 539; sober conduct of the newly enfranchised masses, 540; measures for the next Parliament, 545; immoral conduct of, respecting the Reform Act of 1867, 551; its toleration of Tory misconduct, 560; Scotch and Irish Reform Bills, 565; Mr. Disraeli Prime Minister, 566; Lord Mayo's announcement of Irish policy, 568, 571; debate on Mr. Maguire's motion, ib.; Mr. Gladstone's resolution for the abolition of the Irish Church, 572; unconstitutional retention of office by Mr. Disraeli, 573; tame acquiescence of Parliament therein, 575 Parliament (1868-1874), its general character not altered by the last Reform Act, cxxix. 288; moderate principles of Liberalism in, 290; composition of Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet, 291; anticipations of Irish Church policy, 292, 296; questions of domestic legislation, 296; proper policy of retrenchment, 298 important Session of 1871, cxxxiv. 565; ill-fortune of the Liberal Government, 567; the 'Megæra,' ib.; Berkshire Autumn Manoeuvres abandoned, 568; financial triumphs, 569; measures of domestic reform, 570; effect of the Franco-German War on army policy, 571; the Army Regulation Bill, 574; hostile resolution of the Lords, 575; Purchase abolished by Warrant, ib.; the Bill passed, 576; Mr. Lowe's Budget unpopular, ib.; restless energy of the Government, 578; programme in the Royal Speech, ib.; failure of the Licensing Bill, 579; Local Government and Local Taxation, 581; the Ballot Bill, 583; Treaty of Washington, 585; alleged failure of the Session, 586; loquacity on the Army Bill, 590; private business of Parliament, ib. 598; merits of Liberal Government, ib. Parliament (1868-1874), Mr. Go schen's Bills on Local Taxation, cxxxv. 269; and Local Government, 275; weakness of the Opposition, 291 Mr. Gladstone's Irish University Bill, cxxxvii. 569, 578; its rejection, ib.; resignation of the Ministry, 579; Mr. Disraeli declines office, ib.; the Ministry recalled, ib.; prospects of dissolution, 583; alternative of Whig or Tory Government, 585 dissolution of, by Mr. Gladstone, cxxxix. 546; the situation compared with 1841, 549; Edinburgh Review, CXXVI. p. 579, referred to, 551; Irish legislation, ib. 552; causes of Liberal defeat, 555 Parliament (of 1874), the new Disraeli Ministry, cxxxix. 568; disorganised state of the Liberal Opposition, 570; dearth of Liberal statesmen, 571 strength of Conservative majority, cxl. 549; the Queen's Speech, 550; its promises not realised, 552; Licensing Laws Amendment Act, 554; other Government Bills, 556; Endowed Schools legislation, 557; Conservative blunders, 559; damaging criticisms of Mr. Gladstone, 561; |