Papacy, contests of, with Napoleon,
cxxviii. 451, 488. See Pius VII.

usurpations of, over Ecu-
menical Councils, cxxx. 299, 300;
conflicting authority of, with
Church Councils, 316; its rela-
tions with science, 322; relations
of, to the State, 329; doctrine of
the Syllabus thereon, ib.; claims
of civil allegiance, 330

changes in, effected by the
Vatican Council, cxxxiv. 158;
prospects of, ib., 161

antagonism of culture to, in
the fourteenth century, cxxxvi.
117; corruptions at Avignon de-
nounced, ib.; efforts to revive
learning at Rome, 121; reforms
of Martin V., 123; removal to
Florence, 125; policy of territorial
ambition commenced by Sixtus
IV., 143; Florentine influences,
ib. See Humanists

autocracy of, recently at-
tacked in Germany, cxxxvii. 533;
recent claims to civil allegiance,

576

Papal States, brigandage in, cxxxii.

299; reforms of Sixtus V., 301
Paper, early kinds of, in England;
cxxvi. 45

Papyrus, varieties of, used by Ro-
mans for letter-writing, cxxiv.

354

Paraná river, the, its magnitude,
cxxxix. 446; its steady and con-
stant flow, 447; M. Révy's ob-
servations, 448; grandeur of its
scenery, 450; stillness of the re-
gion, 451; its course, ib., 454;
compared with the Nile, ib.; cata-
racts, 456; its affluents, 457;
geology of the district, ib.
Paray-le-Monial, recent pilgrimages

to, cxxxix. 250. See Sacred Heart
Parieu (M. Esquirou de), his Traité

des Impôts, cxxxi. 370; his high
qualifications, ib.; his classification
of taxes, 372; questions on French

taxation, 373; on the aptitude of
races for taxes on property and
income, 380; on the taxation of
luxuries, 382; his personal share
in legislation, 383

Paris, evil of exclusive attachment
of Frenchmen to, cxi. 227; com-
parative obscurity of, in the middle
of the seventeenth century, 342

political intelligence of the
working classes in, cxv. 343; pub-
lic monuments of, in 1698, 551;
the column in the Place Vendôme,
553

attractions of, to educated
Scotchmen in the sixteenth cen-
tury, cxviii. 236; their creditable
conduct there, ib.; the Rue d'É-
cosse in 1313, 239

desolate condition of, under
Charles VI., cxix. 536

parks and gardens of, by Mr.
Robinson, cxxx. 459; formation
of the Bois de Boulogne, 460;
preservation of grass-swards, 461;
the Park Monceau contrasted with
the Parc des Buttes Chaumont,
462; opening of new squares,
464; nurseries at Passy, 465; and
Petit Bry, 466; tree-nursery at
Nogent-sur-Marne, ib. tropical
and sub-tropical plants, 469-473;
hardy plants, ib.; plant-decorations
of rooms and conservatories, 475;
fruit-growing, 478; peach-cultiva-
tion at Montreuil, 480; market-
gardens, 481; mushroom-caves of
Montrouge, ib.

Scottish Missionary College
at, cxix. 200; connexion thereof
with the Stuarts, cxxxvi. 55; his-
torical records at, ib., 56

443

technical schools at, cxxvii.

National Library at, cxxxix.

25, 35
Paris, relief of, in 1436, by the
Constable, cxl. 219

Congress of (1856), its de-

claration against privateering, cxv. 262; its provisions as to arbitration disregarded by Prussia and Italy, cxxiv. 278. See Paris, Treaty of

Paris, Peace of (1763), its disastrous results to France, cxxv. 508 Paris, Treaties of (1814-1815), neutrality of Switzerland and Savoy assured by, cxi. 543, 546; the treaties disregarded by France and Sardinia, 548

Treaty of (1856), negotiations preceding, cxxxiii. 267, 273 (see Russian War); neutralisation of the Black Sea, ib, 275; separate Treaty of 15th April between England, France, and Austria, ib. Paris Commune, the, early munici

pal rights of, cxxxiv. 256; longstanding State jealousy of, 259; Marcel's insurrection of 1356, 261; outbreak of the Maillotins, 262; the Guise insurrection, 263; spirit of military sedition, 264; policy of the National Assembly, 265; anarchy after 1789, 268; the municipal law of 1790, 269; the Permanent Committee,' 270; during the Reign of Terror, 272; origin of the crisis, 273; measures of the directory,' 275; constitution of 1790 described, ib.; apathy of electors, 276; condition of, in 1792, 278; the stronghold of revolutionary excesses, 279; treacherous conduct of Pétion as Mayor, ib.; events from June 20 to August 10, ib., 281; usurpation of executive power, ib.; the Comité de Surveillance, 282; the Assembly overawed, 284; parallel of the Commune of 1871, ib.; its theory, 285; English admirers of, 287; gloomy prospects, 288; predicted by M. Randot, 289; recent works on the Commune of 1871, 511; the insurrection of March 18, ib.; obscurity of the leaders, ib.; po

at

pular rage at Bazaine's surrender of Metz, 512; the Belleville fanatics, 513; Flourens, ib.; earlier and younger revolutionists, 515; character and antecedents of Delescluze, 516; Félix Pyat, 517; negotiations of Jules Favre with Bismarck, 518; speech of Ledru Rollin, 519; cry for 'La Commune,' ib.; capture of the Hôtel de Ville, ib.; plébiscite in favour of Trochu, 520; later unpopularity of the Government of Defence, ib.; émeute of January 22, 521; the capitulation, ib.; the new National Assembly, ib.; peace ratified at Bordeaux, 522; the 'Rurals,' ib.; irritation towards the Assembly, 524; quiet at the Prussian entry, ib.; revolutionary placards, 525; the International Society, 526, 532; other elements of disorder, ib.; outbreak Montmartre on March 17, 533; murder of Generals Lecomte and Clément Thomas, 534; the insurgents masters of Paris, 535; Lullier and Assi, ib.; tardy attempts of the Government to recover the cannon, 536; they withdraw to Versailles, 537; rise of 'the party of order,' ib.; conduct of the Assembly, 538; Admiral Saisset sent to pacify Paris, 539; matter of the Communal elections, 540; courageous protest of the Press, ib.; demonstrations of the party of order, ib.; massacre on the Place Vendôme, ib.; the maires and deputies at Versailles, 541; the Communists pretend to negotiate, 542; the elections, 543; title of Commune' adopted, 544; first Committee of Public Safety, 545; relations with Paris journals, 547; sovereignty of the Assembly contested, 548; the delegates of Lyons, ib.; ultimatum of the Central Committee, 550; execution of

the Communist General Duval,
552; hostages seized in reprisal,
ib.; and assassinated, 553; Rigault
and Ferré, ib., 555; murder of
Chaudey, ib.; reign of massacre
begins, ib.; preparations for burn-
ing Paris, 559; the conflagration,
560, 562; entrance of the Ver-
sailles troops, ib.; panic of the
pétroleuses, 562; slaughter and
suppression of the insurgents,

563
Paris Exhibition (1867), deteriora-
tion of English goods and ma-
chinery at, cxxvii. 436 sqq.

-Official Reports on,cxxix. 366;
ephemeral interest of, ib.; com-
pleteness of the iron and steel col-
lection, 368; cast-iron bridge work
and water-pipes, 370; French de-
licacy and finish in casting metals,
ib.; specimens of steel-work, 371;
Bessemer-steel, 374; the Allen-
Whitworth-Porter engine, 377;
Indret's marine engines, ib.; rail-
way locomotive engines, 378; fo-
reign competition therein, 379;
display of machine-tools, 380;
lethargy of English makers, 381;
steam-hammers, 382; superior
tool-work of Manchester and
Leeds, 383; Mr. Siemens' gas-
furnaces, 384; incomplete display
of English glass, ib.; priority of
English textile fabrics, 385; splen-
did show of French cotton trades,
386; Swiss prints and dyed cot-
tons, 387; Mr. Murray's Report on
Cotton Goods, 388; woollen fa-
brics, ib.; effects of the silkworm
disease, 390; silks of Lyons and
St. Etienne, 391; Swiss silks, ib.;
laces, 392; embroidery, 394; Pa-
risian bronze-workers and wood-
carvers, 395; models by workmen,
396; lessons for Great Britain, ib.;
want of scientific knowledge in
England, 398

'Parisians,' the, unfinished novel by

Lord Lytton, cxxxix. 383; interest
of its authorship, 384; the author
impersonated in Graham Vane,
388; history and purpose of, ex-
plained in his son's preface, 389;
compared with 'Kenelm Chil-
lingly,' ib., scenes of Paris life, 390;
character of De Rochebriant, 393;
Lemercier and his class, 395;
character of Vane, 398; Isaura
Cicogna, 401; knowledge of cha-
racter shown in the hero, 408;
Armand Monnier, 412; essentially
a novel of character and incident,
414; its genuine French flavour,
417

Park (Mr.), his triumph in amputa-
tion, cxxxvi. 495

Parker (Matthew, Archbishop of
Canterbury, 1504-1576), his pre-
tensions on behalf of Convocation,
cxxi. 155

Parkes (Joseph), cxxxviii. 230
Parkhurst, first State Reformatory
at, cxvii. 247

Parliament, shortening of time for
assembling of, after a dissolution,
cxi. 194

doctrine of ministerial respon-
sibility to, under Charles I., cxx.
33; the Speaker held in his chair,
34

salutary legislation of, be-
tween 1832 and the Crimean War,
cxxvi. 573

increased power of, under
Edward III., cxxix. 548

enormous increase of legisla-
tion in, cxxxiii. 60; defects there-
in, 62 (see Commons, House of);
its proper functions of control over
the army, 240, 245

problem of success in, cxxxv.
508; debating power as a qualifi-
cation for office, 509

authority of, over Convoca-
tion, cxl. 434; not unfitted for
legislating on religious questions,
449

Parliament, Acts of, useless verbiage of, before Lord Brougham's Abbreviation Bill, cxi. 194; his remarks on their unskilful preparation, 200; need of consolidation, ib.

Acts of (Private), cxxv. 85; multiplicity of, ib.; Bentham's criticisms, 86; the Constitutional Code, ib.; progressive increase of, 87; expedients of reform, ib.; their exceptional character, 88; the first Act of 1266, ib.; used for banishment and attainder, ib.; definition of the Record Commissioners, 89; earliest local statutes, ib.; the first Divorce Act, ib.; first Road and Waterworks Acts, ib.; Acts for marsh-lands, turnpiketrusts, workhouses, canals, and gas, 90; present number of Acts nearly 30,000, ib.; legislative and judicial functions of Parliament, ib.; cost and uncertainty of contests, 91; failures of past reformers, ib.; diversities of opinion thereon, ib.; fickle railway legislation, 93; rules as to bona fide deposits, 94 ; inquiries of Referees as to engineering, ib.; Lord Redesdale's Committee of 1866, ib.; Parliament jealous of its Railway jurisdiction, 95; service on Committees distasteful, ib.; onerous duties of chairmen, ib.; dissatisfaction with their decisions, 96; proposal of an external Board for railways, ib. ; Inclosures considered as a precedent thereof, ib. 97; the scheme unsatisfactory, ib. ; objections to a permanent judicial tribunal, ib.; jurisdiction of Committees defended on grounds of public policy, 98; legal weakness of Committees, ib.; an Assessor recommended, 99; Bills should be deferred for enactment till the next Session, ib.; comparison of foreign railway legislation, 100, 105; principles of legislation, 107

Parliament, dissolution of, the Crown's prerogative limited, cxv. 236

Houses of, burning of, in

1834, cxxxiii. 315

the Long, terrorism to the minority in, cxii. 471 Parliament (of 1859) returned in

answer to a personal appeal, cxx. 566; vote of want of confidence carried, ib.; financial embarrassments of Mr. Disraeli, 568; improvements effected by Mr. Gladstone, 569, 570; results of the Commercial Treaty with France, ib. 571; policy vindicated with regard to Poland and Denmark, 573; debate on Japan, 578; principles of Colonial defence established, 579; successful Indian policy, 580; called 'the extravagant Parliament' by Mr. Cobden, ib.; improved condition of the Army and Navy, 581, 584; fortification of dockyards, ib.; the Cotton Famine, 585; education, 586, 587; popular and useful measures, ib. 589; summary of reforms, 590; ecclesiastical measures, ib. 591; errors of the Tory Opposition, ib. 592; their defeat on the Dano-German question, ib.; future measures, 593

its unselfish interest in Reform, cxxii. 280; disagreement of the Liberals thereon, 288; long duration of, 291; absence of fierce party contests, ib.; prospects of the Dissolution, 294 Parliament (1865-1868), Liberal majority in, due to Lord Palmerston's policy, cxxv. 269; his death, 270; Mr. Gladstone, Prime Minister, ib.; defeat of the Liberals, ib. (see Reform Bill of 1866); the Derby-Disraeli Government, 283,

301

the Session of 1867, cxxvi. 541; tergiversation of the Con

servatives on Reform, ib. 544; the 'ten minutes' Reform Bill, 548; its sudden withdrawal, ib.; substitution of the Household Suffrage Bill, ib. (see Reform Act, 1867); compared with its predecessors since 1832, 573; anticipations of a Reformed Parliament, 579; questions for future legislation, 582; prospects of the next election, 583 Parliament (1865-1868), dissolved

by a Tory Government, cxxviii. 539; sober conduct of the newly enfranchised masses, 540; measures for the next Parliament, 545; immoral conduct of, respecting the Reform Act of 1867, 551; its toleration of Tory misconduct, 560; Scotch and Irish Reform Bills, 565; Mr. Disraeli Prime Minister, 566; Lord Mayo's announcement of Irish policy, 568, 571; debate on Mr. Maguire's motion, ib.; Mr. Gladstone's resolution for the abolition of the Irish Church, 572; unconstitutional retention of office by Mr. Disraeli, 573; tame acquiescence of Parliament therein, 575 Parliament (1868-1874), its general character not altered by the last Reform Act, cxxix. 288; moderate principles of Liberalism in, 290; composition of Mr. Gladstone's Cabinet, 291; anticipations of Irish Church policy, 292, 296; questions of domestic legislation, 296; proper policy of retrenchment, 298

important Session of 1871, cxxxiv. 565; ill-fortune of the Liberal Government, 567; the 'Megæra,' ib.; Berkshire Autumn Manoeuvres abandoned, 568; financial triumphs, 569; measures of domestic reform, 570; effect of the Franco-German War on army policy, 571; the Army Regulation Bill, 574; hostile resolution

of the Lords, 575; Purchase abolished by Warrant, ib.; the Bill passed, 576; Mr. Lowe's Budget unpopular, ib.; restless energy of the Government, 578; programme in the Royal Speech, ib.; failure of the Licensing Bill, 579; Local Government and Local Taxation, 581; the Ballot Bill, 583; Treaty of Washington, 585; alleged failure of the Session, 586; loquacity on the Army Bill, 590; private business of Parliament, ib. 598; merits of Liberal Government, ib.

Parliament (1868-1874), Mr. Go

schen's Bills on Local Taxation, cxxxv. 269; and Local Government, 275; weakness of the Opposition, 291

Mr. Gladstone's Irish University Bill, cxxxvii. 569, 578; its rejection, ib.; resignation of the Ministry, 579; Mr. Disraeli declines office, ib.; the Ministry recalled, ib.; prospects of dissolution, 583; alternative of Whig or Tory Government, 585

dissolution of, by Mr. Gladstone, cxxxix. 546; the situation compared with 1841, 549; Edinburgh Review, CXXVI. p. 579, referred to, 551; Irish legislation, ib. 552; causes of Liberal defeat, 555

Parliament (of 1874), the new Disraeli Ministry, cxxxix. 568; disorganised state of the Liberal Opposition, 570; dearth of Liberal statesmen, 571

strength of Conservative majority, cxl. 549; the Queen's Speech, 550; its promises not realised, 552; Licensing Laws Amendment Act, 554; other Government Bills, 556; Endowed Schools legislation, 557; Conservative blunders, 559; damaging criticisms of Mr. Gladstone, 561;