affairs, cxiii. 282; English cha-
racter deficient in, 283
Origen (185-254), his admiration of
St. John's Gospel, cxix. 590

his doubts concerning eternal
punishment, cxx. 300
Orissa, scheme for irrigation of, cxix.
125; proposed diversion of the
Mahanuddee river, ib.

conquest of, by Bactrian

Greeks, cxxx. 504

recent famine in, cxxxi.

337
Orleans (Louis, Duke of, murdered
1407), his graceful address, cxix.
535; assassinated by John of Bur-
gundy, 536

Orleans, Jean Baptiste Gaston, Duke

of, 1608-1660), his plots against
Richelieu, cxii. 67

Orleans (Philip, Duke of, 1674-
1723), his profligate rule as Re-
gent, cxxv. 473, 474

Orléans (Marie Louise d'), negotia-
tions for her marriage with Charles
II. of Spain, cxxix. 16; her per-
sonal appearance, ib. ; her journey
to Spain, 18; first meeting with
Charles, 19; her troubles at Court,
20, 28; her suspected poisoning,

29

Orleans (Princess Marie of), her in-
timacy with Ary Scheffer, cxii.
167; her genius for sculpture, ib.;
specimens of her art, 169
Orleans, Maid of. See Arc, Joan of
Orleans (Bishop of), his 'Letter on the
coming Ecumenical Council,'cxxx.
297; his mistake as to the invita-
tion of Protestants, 309 note; on
the authority of Councils, 317
note; on the relations of the Papacy
with the State, 329

recriminations at the Vatican
Council, cxxxiv. 135; opposes the
dogma of infallibility as inoppor-
tune, 142; his evasive excuse,
146

Orloff (Alexis, Count), his services to

Catherine II. of Russia, cxxxviii.
432; his breed of horses, 433
Orsini (Paolo Giordano, Duke of
Bracchano), his supposed murder
of Peretti, cxxxii. 296; brigand-
age in his family, 299
Orsini (Giordano, Cardinal), his dis-
covery of twelve comedies of
Plautus, cxxxvi. 124

Orvieto, bas-reliefs in Cathedral at,
cxxi. 530, 531

Osten (Baron), story of his escape
from a lion's jaws, cxix. 335
Ostriches, their motion described by
Shakspeare, cxxx. 87

Ostrovsky (A. N.), Dramatic works
of, cxxviii. 158; national character
of his plays, 159; his powers of
satire, ib.; outline of his 'Storm,'
160; sketch of town life and cha-
racter, 168; the 'Vospitannitsa,'
170; story of 'Whom may not
Sin and Sorrow touch ?' 174; the
'Penniless Lass,' 177; the 'Profit-
able Appointment,' 181; farcical
plays, 186; specimens of court-
ship, 187; Heavy Days,' 188;
his plays wanting in plot and
situations, 190

Otho (King of Greece, b. 1815), his
unfitness for his position, cxvii.
579; good measures of his ad-
ministration, 581; his expulsion,

595

his efforts at monastic re-
form, cxxii. 558
Oude, the Company's policy of non-
interference.cxvii. 8; treaties with,

10; evils of native government,
11; system of British government
in, on its annexation, 445; first.
symptoms of the Mutiny in, 457;
it assumes the aspect of a popular
insurrection, 466; Lord Canning's
proclamation, 474; success of his
policy, 476; position of the Ta-
lookdars defined, ib.

the rising in 1857-8, cxxiv.
325; alleged grievances of the

Talookdars before the Mutiny,
326, 327

Oudenarde, battle of (1708), cxvi.
524

Outram (Sir James, 1805-1863), ap-
pointed Resident at Lucknow,
cxvii. 11; his report on the con-
dition of Oude, 12; his noble cha-
racter, 467

Outram (Mrs.), her remonstrance to
Sir W. Napier, cxxi. 97
Overstone (Samuel Jones Loyd,
Lord, b. 1796), his tracts on the
National Debt and Sinking Fund,
cxvi. 137

Owen (Professor R., b. 1804), his
'Palæontology' and 'Address to
the British Association at Leeds'
(1858), cxi. 487; on the operation
of a secondary creative law on
species, 500; his law of irrela-
tive repetition,' 503, 506; on In-
vertebrate Animals, ib.; on the
stages of organisation, 513

on the antiquity of the An-
daman Islanders, cxvi. 172

his cerebral classification of
Mammalia, cxvii. 557; on the
dental structure in man, 564

on the propagation of infu-
soria, cxxv. 392

his mistaken notion of the
antiquity of the Bos longifrons,
cxxviii. 427

on the valuable functions of
infusoria, cxxx. 161
Owen (Robert Dale), his experiment
in co-operative manufacture at
New Lanark, cxx. 422
Oxford (Robert Harley, Earl of,
1661-1724). See Harley
Oxford, examination for a degree at,
formerly a farce, cxx. 150; low
standard of entrance examinations,
154; study of modern languages
at, 174; religious agitation at,
after the Essays and Reviews'
judgment, 275; Declaration' of
the Oxford Committee, 277

Oysters, way of opening them in
Scotland and France, cxviii. 230

publications respecting,
cxxvii. 43; they are alive when
eaten, ib.; supposed allusion of
Homer to, 44; the words Theos
and oσтpeov, ib., 45; rare refer-
ences in Greek authors to, ib.;
oyster-culture popular with the
Romans, ib.; artificial oyster-beds
of Orata described by Pliny, 46;
vivaria depicted on old Italian
vases, 47; knowledge of, ascribed
to the Ethiopians, ib.; varieties
mentioned by Pliny, 48; British
oysters imported by Agrippa, 49;
Roman use of, before dinner and
at supper, ib.; Juvenal's allusions
to, ib.; immoderate love of Vitel-
lius for, 50; denounced by Seneca,
ib.; receipt for cooking, by Api-
cius, 51; the κápкivos, or oyster-
crab of Oppian, ib.; supposed
lunar influence on, 52; anecdote
by Aulus Gellius, ib.; oyster-shells
used as medicine and for cement,
53; oyster-lovers among great
men, 54; physical structure of,
ib.; theory of Galen, ib.; they are
hermaphrodites, 55; embryonic
development of, 56; simplicity of
their nervous system, 57; their
habits, ib.; partly susceptible of
education, ib.; food, early size,
and duration of life, 58; their
enormous fertility, 59; ravages of
star-fish, ib.; and of 'dog-whelks,'

61; enemies of, among birds, 62; | injuries of sand and frost, ib.; protection of fry at Lake Fusaro, 63; oyster-culture in France, ib.; greening of, 64; scarcity and dearness of, in England, 65; the cause yet unknown, ib.; warm weather required for spat, ib.; familiar saying on the months for eating oysters, 66; they should be masticated, 67; receipt for artificial sea-water, ib.; foreign oysters, 68; fishing regulations of the

Convention Act of 1839, ib.; enforcement of close season, 69; deep-sea beds, ib. ; trade in 'channels, 70; beds within the threemile limit, 71; private fisheries, ib.; questions of close season and limitation of size, 72; Report of the Commissioners of 1866 thereon, ib., 76; recent powers of the Board of Trade, ib.

Oysters, Homeric allusion to, cxxxiii. 361

PACIFIC OCEAN, physical character of the basin of, cxvii. 92; supposed subsidence of its bed, 94 Paganini, munificent caprice of, cxxxiii. 51

Paganism, moral ethics of, cxxx. 41 Paget (Mr. J.), his New Examen,' cxiv. 279; his carping criticism of Macaulay's History of England,' 287; his attempted defence of Claverhouse, 299

Painting, connexion of, with religion,

cxx. 95; the devotional and historical classes of sacred paintings, 97; the art preceded by sculpture, 105; first use of, in churches, ib. ; legendary subjects chosen by Christian painters of the Renaissance, 106; conventional treatment of Scripture subjects by the Old Masters, 107 Painting, modern reproduction of preRaphaelite defects of detail, cxxxi. 407

in Italy. See Italian Painting Paixan (or Paixhans, General), his application of hollow shot to ship's guns, cxix. 518

Paladine (General Aurelles de),

made Commander of the Na

sketch of England at the Conquest,
cxx. 498

Palgrave (Sir Francis, b. 1802),
his History of Normandy and
England,' Vols. III. and IV., cxxi.
1; his unfinished works, ib. 2;
improvements in his later volumes,
3; his theories compared with
those of Thierry, 4; his habit of
withholding references continued,
5; failure of his original design,
ib.; his mild view of the Norman
Conquest, 9; his treatment of
authorities, 16; on the claims of
William I. to the crown, 22; his
wrong account of Harold's acces-
sion, 23, 24; defends William's
toleration after the Conquest, 29;
on the transfer of land to the
Crown, 36; his protest against the
term 'Anglo-Saxon,' 37; his
masterly portrait of William
Rufus, 39, 40; best passages of his
history, 40; his unfair strictures
on the Crusades, 41
Palgrave (W. G.), his 'Journey
through Arabia,' exxii. 482; his
acute observation, 483; his first
mission to Arabia, 484; recent
errand to Abyssinia, ib.; general
accuracy of his narrative, 485; his
travelling disguise, 486; alleged
recognitions, 487; his contempt of
the Bedouins, 493; respect for the
settled population, 494; criticism
of Bedouin beauty, 495; his novel
view of Arabian character, 498;
his picture of their religious con-
dition, 499; ascribes Christianity
to the Solibah tribe, 500; on the
Moslem colony at Oman, 502; his
religious theories summarised,
504; his hatred of Mahometanism,
505; denunciation of the Wahha-
bees, 506, 509; on Wahhabee
rule, 516; conclusion of his travels,
517; his literary merits, ib.

alleged superfluity of his dis-
guise in Arabia, cxxv. 12 note

Palissy (Bernard), on the good effects
of the Reformation in France,
cxxiv. 88

Pall Mall, origin of the street-name,
cxxxi. 184

Palmer (Sir Roundell, afterwards
Lord Selborne, b. 1812), his Ad-
dress in 1870 on the proposed
Legal Education Association,
cxxxiv. 507,
510
Palmer (Rev. W.), his Treatise on
the Church of Christ, cxx. 379
Palmerston (Henry John Temple, Vis-
count, 1784-1865), on the Turkish
settlement of 1840 and 1841,cxi.153

his extravagant expenditure
on fortifications, cxvii. 275; his
Russian policy in 1853, 334

his death, cxxiii. 263; his
genial disposition, 264; his high
reputation, 265; causes of his suc-
cess, 266; his assiduity, ib.; his
speeches, 267; wrongly accused of
levity, ib.; his fearlessness, 268,
never deserted his subordinates, ib.;
his enviable death, ib.; his long
public experience, 269; energy as
War Minister, 270; his speech in
1829 on Portugal, 271; his spirited
foreign policy, ib. ; not responsible
for the Crimean War, 272; pros-
perity of his two administrations,
273; his vast powers of statesman-
ship, ib.; his character as a de-
bater, 274; unrivalled faculty of
leadership, 275; exceptional quiet
of his sway,
276

remonstrates with Mahomed
Ali on his invasion of Arabia,
cxxv. 10; alleged overtures of
Lord Wharncliffe to, in 1831, for a
compromise on Reform, 537

wrongly accused of indiffer-
ence to Reform, cxxvi. 546

called the French alliance
the 'pivot of his foreign policy,'
cxxxiii. 31; his late hours in the
House of Commons, 82; 'Life' of,
by Sir H. Lytton Bulwer, 287;

unfinished state of the work, 288;
his proposals in 1839 of interven-
tion in Syria, 332; policy to
Mahomet Ali, 333
Palmerston (Henry John Temple, Vis-
count), letter of, on the change of
government in 1834, cxxxvi. 390

his appearance when five
years old, described by Lord
Minto, cxxxix. 196

-Madame de Lieven's strictures
on, cxl. 521; Mr. Greville, on his
abilities as Foreign Minister, 522
Panics, religious, instances of, cxiii.
461

Panizzi (Sir Anthony), his reforms
at the British Museum, cxxiii. 66;
cxxxix. 37, 40

Pantheon, the, at Rome, consecra-

tion of, cxviii. 356; belfries added
by Urban VIII., 363

Panvini (Onofrio, 1529-1568), his
intended work on Christian in-
scriptions, cxx. 221

Paoli (Antonio), his mistaken de-
ciphering of an early Christian
inscription, cxx. 225, 226 notes
Paoli (Pascal, 1726-1807), his insur
rection in Corsica, cxxxix. 205;
article in Edinburgh Review (ci.
442), referred to, 206 note; in-
duced to leave the island, 207
Papacy, the, early equality of the
Pope as Bishop of Rome, cxii.
105; overthrow of the Lombards,
107; first schemes of temporal
power, 108; the fabricated dona-
tion of Constantine, ib.; influence
of Germany in the middle ages,
109; Hildebrand's idea of a
spiritual empire, 111; the title of
Pope confined by him to Rome,
112; donation of the Countess
Matilda, ib.; temporal aggrandise-
ment renewed by Alexander III.,
113; belief of the Papacy in its
perpetuity a cause of its worldly
success, ib.; the charter of
Rodolph (1278), the real foun-

dation of the Papal power, 114;
dark period of the exile to Avig-
non, 115; schism on the election
of Urban VI., 117; profligacy
of his successors, 118; the Papal
power established, 121; suppres-
sion of municipal rights, ib.;
annexation of Ferrara and Urbino,
122; indivisibility of the Papal
States disproved by history, 124;
degrading effects of Papal rule,
127; vicious system of election,
128; popular hatred of the
Government, 129; scandal of the
French occupation, 131

Papacy inseparable from Rome, cxiii.

279

temporal power of, incom-
patible with the Monarchy, cxiv.
233; Ultramontane views of the
temporal power, 254; problem of
Papal independence examined,
260; Cavour's scheme, 269; early
relations of, with monasticism, 320

the temporal power of, cxvi.
261 sqq.; its Ultramontane suppor-
ters, 263; its origin, 265; grievances
of nepotism, 266; evil effects of
clerical government, 268; unsuc-
cessful rule of Pius IX., 270; low
standard of Roman theology, 274;
evil effects of monastic establish-
ments, 275; influence of 'Ita-
lianism' on, 276; proposed re-
formation of, 280; moral influence
of, the measure of its spiritual
authority, 287; its probable
future, 292

fortunes of, connected with
those of Rome, cxviii. 343; vir-
tual foundation of, by Pope Gre-
gory, 354; the temporal power
becomes an object of worldly am-
bition, 364; position of the Popes
in the Leonine City, 367

anti-Papal movement
throughout Europe, cxx. 460, 461
early projects of union with
the Greek Church, cxxi. 485