ing to a previous remark, there may not be an alteration of the base by the addition of a case termination; as Soci ○nêügóɩməq☎çoç. Budha preached Abi-dam a-threemonth unto the Gods.

Observe 3rdly, that words expressive of a quality of the mind are also put in the accusative; a8 දෙව්දත් මවට මැනවි Dew'dath was attached to his mother. ‡

Observe 4thly, that the particle 8

(except or but) also

requires the accusative; as ඉසිවතුන් විනා මේගකහට නො 88 To whom is this stanza displeasing but the envious?

Having

Observe 5thly, that words expressive of motion towards a place govern the accusative; as ve@lag:sim (arrived near to) approached Budha. §

The third, or Instrumental Case.

28. The person that does an act, either voluntarily or at the command of another is the agent; and the noun indicating the agent is in the Instrumental case. The terminations of this case are those proper to the accusative, with the exception of and ; that is to say, in the Singular—, C, , and, and in the Plural-,,,, and qs.

EXAMPLES.

අසරණතඹර වරලස, සෙවෙල වලකරැ අරිසන

රඳුව (අ) පෙර කලවමන්, කුස නිරිඳු නොසමෙලේ
—
King Koose forgot the indignities which had been previously
offered to him by the Princess, who supplicated at his
Lotus-like feet, veiling them with her mossy flowing hair.

we shall, wherever the coinciderces appear to be striking refer him to Sanscrit and Latin writers; and he will then easily find out their like in the Pali and Greek. "L. G." in our anotations stand for The London Latin Grammar; "Wilk:" for Wilkins, and "Wils:* for Wilson's Sanscrit Grammar.

+ Nonnulli annos vicenos in disciplina permanent "-L. L. G. p. 27. See also Wils: 286 a.

"Fessum quies plurimum juvat"-L. L. G. p. 76.
"Ipsa Paphum sublimis abit”—ib. p. 88.

-(0)9dodneço. The custom of caste sanc

tioned (or decreed) by the king.

ආ- මුනිදා(ආ) වැලඳුපාදා.

Budha.

The vessel eaten (i, e, used) by

හු-පින්සිපිහු (2) කල අත්තම්. The manufacture done by a skilful person.

උන් - කමන්නදඳුන් (උන්) කලාව ද, Forgive the faults committed by fools.

න - මීපල්

(.) ගත් වෙස් රුස්නේ The habit assumed by kings is picasing.

නරාණ(ආන) කලකමට ඉඳුරොග දෙස්. The senses ritness the object done by meu..

න් - කවින් (න්) නුදුටුයේ කෙම්. hut wiilitudes hare not been seen by poets?

අන්--අගන් (න්) වහුමුනුවන්නර දදිරිය ඇදුරුද දුරුකෙ 26. The dart of an eye shot by women has split the Rock of strength.

Observe, that the postposition

(by) governs the noun in the lustrumental case:—as as: නෙත් විසින්කම්දම් Cupid is burnt by Sira.

Observe also, that the particle ∞ ( with, like unto, &c. )governs the Instrumental case, as in the following instances; e නිඳුහාකගියම Who is like unto Budha? Ɛɔ8édé Bro සමර සමර කෙරෙයි. In the rainy season Cupid wages war · against single women.*

The fourth, or Auxiliary Case, †

29. That which is directly an auxiliary or assistance to the act of the agent is in the (256) Auxiliary case. The

* See Wils: p. 370. Wilk: § 1254.

+ Nouns are put in the Auxiliary case, when they denote the object with which. or by means whereof any thing is done or intended. It answers to the Ablative case in Latin, when it is preceded by the sign by means of or with. Nearly all European writers on Sanscrit Grammar have drawn a distinction in the Ablative, when it signifies from a thing, and the same when it denotes by or with a thing, and also when it implies in, on, ог upon a thing. The first they designate the Ablature, the second the Agent or the Instrumental, and the third

terminations peculiar to it are the following: ai, vai, ; each of which may however be deprived of its (s) mute form by impregnating the last letter with the

the Locative case. Indeed, this is a distinction, of which the necessity was to a certain extent felt even by western nations. "Quinctilian speaking of the Ablative, says, that in the sense of percussa hasta, 'stricken with a spear,' the Latin noun seems to require a seventh case: the name is unquestionably defective here; yet the sense is provided for in our (the English) language, by the introduction of with or by, as signs of this case." (London Latin Grammar ». p. 3.) It is however remarkable, that the Singhalese like the native Sanscrit and Pali Grammarians divide the Latin Ablative into four cases. It is this fourth (apart from the three to which we have already adverted) that we have rendered the Auxiliary case.' Its proper sign is with' or by means of.' The student will find that all the European writers on the Sanscrit, Pali, Murathee, and Tamil Grammars blend the Instrumental with the Auxiliary case. This may be for weighty reasons; but it is suggested, that if there was no real distinction in this respect there would not be found a difference in the name. At all events, the Sidath' Sangeraue shews that in the Singhalese at least, it is impracticable to treat of these two cases under one head-the Instrumental: although we should not emit to state at the same time, that a Pandit of the name of Kirembe has jumbled them up in his Vibat' Maldam, which see post Addenda. Since therefore these two cases are given by European writers under one and the same designation of the Instrumental Case; their definition of that case may be divided as the same severally applies to the Instrumental and the Auxiliary cases. Dr. Wilkins at p. 625, defines the Instruinental case thus: [The implement or Instrument with which] and the Agent by which or whom an action is performed, are put in the....] third or implementive case." Wilson, Yates. and Carey all agree in the above definition; and it would seem, that even Rhenius's definition of the same case in the Tamil language (see his Grammar p. 17) assimilates with the above-" [The third case is an Ablative and is] first Instrumental, by adding to the nominative $2. as: மனிதனால by the SOLIO &c. and [ Secondly, Rocial, by adding or உடனே. as மனிதனோடு, மனிதனுடனே with the man; நோவோடு." &c.) Thus we may safely adopt the words within brackets, as the true definition of what is by us rendered the Auxiliary case in the text. Indeed at one time we thought it would prove better and more intelligible to name the so-called Instrumental (), "the Agent case," its sign by implying agency; and to call

man,

(the case omitted by Europeans, and to which we have given the appellation of the Auxiliary), the Instrumental case. To such a distribution of appellations two objections presented themselves, and they were

The simple is also a

vowel ; thus A, OK, anK.

termination peculiar to this case.

Note that in this case there is no difference in the two numbers.*

not inconsiderable: 1st, that an Agent with a nominative case would be incongruous, and would often prove unintelligible to Europeans; and 2nd, that unless we adhere to the names already given by Europeans to the like accidents of Grammar in the kindred languages of Sanscrit and Pali, we might create some confusion, without any corresponding advantage resulting from the innovation. For these reasons we have adopted "Auxiliary” as the translation of 6; and, it is hoped, that it may not prove incorrect; for the very sign of this case with, or by means of. conveys to one's mind the assistance which the noun in this case affords to the act, which is indicated in a sentence. As for instance, to do an act with any thing, or by means of any one, is to do it "with" the help, or "by means of" the assistance, of that thing or person. "By means of" as one of the signs of this case, is given in Dr. Stevenson's Murathee Grammar p. 17; and it seems to be, generally speaking, more expressive than the preposition with. That the distinction between the Instrumental and the Auxiliary is not altogether imaginary, will appear pretty clearly from the following passage exemplified by Dr. Wilkins under the head of the Instrumental case.

භිනඃ ශරෙණරාමෙණ, රාවණෙකරාවණඃ ||

කරාග්‍රෙණ විදිණ්ණපි, වානරෛ යුධ්‍ය තෙපුනැ

"Rovená, the tyrant of the world, pierced by Ramá with an arrow, and torn with the points of their claws by the baboons, fights again"

Hence, it is manifest that "by Rama," and "with an arrow, convey different ideas to the mind with reference to the particular action, the same as "upon Rama" and "from a tree" in the following sentence, "A monkey jumped upon Rama from a tree." If, in the latter instance, the distinction between a locative and an ablative, was deemed necessary to be perpetuated, we scarcely indeed perceive any reason that could justify the blending the Instrumental with the Auxiliary Case.

To the Singhalese are known but "two numbers" both in the noun and in the verb. To the Sanscrit, however, as also to the Greek, is known one more, the dual. Professor Bopp in his Comparative Grammar, says:— "The dual, like the neuter, in course of time, is the first to be lost with the weakening of the vitality of the view taken by the senses, or is more and more straitened in its use, and then replaced by the abstract plural, expressive of infinite number. The Sanscrit possesses the dual more fully, both in the noun and in the verb, and employs it everywhere where its use could

EXAMPLES.

of

ඉන් :- වතින් (ඉන්) ගුරුන් අරියනු. By means of yood conduct

win the good-will of teachers. පන්;—ගුඛණන්(එන්) දනා සගනේ. By means of kindness win the hearts of men.

නෙන්;- මෙත්තෙන් (ගහන්) වෙර පරයනු. By means of benevolence, extinguish enmity.

ඉති;—සිතිනි (ඉන) වේ* දුසීර සුසිරි. By means of the mind

result virtue and vice.

එහි;-නිසන් (එනි) පලට වනු. By means of wisdom be distinguished.

නෙනි; තැන්නෙනි(නෙනි) බව පියව්. Bymeans of erertion destroy transmigrations.

*—696x@ATA (1) ADHD. Bow ye to them, who attained Niwene by means of acts.

Observe that Conjunctions govern this Case† e. g. i6nd නුවන් මිනි පඬුරෙන්. goHSAsan. Live thou long along-with (receiving) the eyes of gemmy offerings.

The fifth, or Dative Case.

30. The person who receives a gift, and also the object that is governed by es for, or "for the purpose of" are in the Dative. It takes the termination in the singular,

be expected. In the Zend, which otherwise approximates so closely to the Sanscrit, it is found very rarely in the verb, more frequently in the noun.. The Pali has only as much left of it as the Latin, viz. a remnant of it in two words which signify two' and 'both;' in the Prakrit it is entirely wanting. or the German languages, only the eldest dialect, the Gothic, possesses it, but merely in the verb; while, on the contrary, in the Hebrew (speaking- here of the Semetic languages) it is retained only in the noun, in disadvantageous contrast with the Arabic, which in many other respects also, is a more perfect langu. ge, and which maintains the dual in equal fulness in the verb also; while in the Syriac it has been almost entirely lost in the noun as well as in the verb."-p.p. 126, 7.

* is in the singular number; and it should be observed, that as in the passage qolaassię cð (see Appendix A. § 1), plural nouns are frequently used collectively to convey a singular signification. Thus in the Sanscrit-vide Wilson's Gram: p. 370, § c. London Lat. Gram. p. 76. Wilson's S. G. p. 370, §.988.

E