Imatges de pàgina
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Ablatively Dependent,

146. Or those in which the relation of the first word to the last is equivalent to that of an ablative; as, (me:, -81, -É, "fallen from the kingdom (for राज्याद् भ्रष्टः) ; भवदन्यः, other

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than you" (for n:); eg, "fear of you."

Genitively Dependent,

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These are the most

147. Or those in which the relation of the first word to the last is equivalent to that of a genitive. common of all dependent compounds, and expressed by a similar compound in English. most part composed of two substantives; as, (for a "shore of the sea"); समुद्रस्य तीरं,

may generally be
They are for the
t, “sea-shore
', horse-back";

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धनुर्गुण:, “ bow-string "; इष्टिकागृहं, “ brick-house "; गिरिनदी, “ mountain-torrent"; :, “acquisition of wealth"; fa, “state of misfortune";:, "separation of friends"; f, "on whose brow" (loc. c.); :, "his words"; fa, "on what account?" ,"on account of virtue "; :, "with hundreds of fools"

(inst. c.); ìa, “a couple of shlokas";

the earth "; पृथिवीपतिः, “ lord of the earth ";
support" (dat. c.); urgent,
अस्मत्पुत्राः, "our sons";
पितृवचनं, a father's speech";

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इच्छासम्पत्, मात्रानन्दः, "fulfilment of wishes";

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"the surface of तज्जीवनाय, “ for his

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"thy deed";

the gate of death ";

"a mother's joy."

a. Sometimes an adjective in the superlative degree, used substantively, occupies the last place in the compound; as, : or पुरुषोत्तम:, “ the best of men."

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b. In a few instances the genitive case is retained; as, faf:,

lord of men"; fequfa:, "lord of day."

Locatively Dependent,

148. Or those in which the relation of the first word to the last is equivalent to that of a locative case ; as, पङ्कमग्नः, ग्ना, ग्नं,

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' sunk in the mud " ( for पङ्के मग्न) ; गगण विहारी, “ sporting in the sky; जलक्रीडा, “sport in the water "; मामवासी, “ a dweller in a village", "born in the water.'

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a. It is very usual to retain the locative case, especially before

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the water"; fayfan:, -, -, "ornamented on
उरसि भूषितः, ता,
(see r. 131. 1.).

ornamented on the breast

Dependent in more than one Case.

149. Dependent compounds do not always consist of two words. They may be composed of almost any number of nouns, all depending upon each other, in the manner that one case depends

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upon another in a sentence ; thus, चक्षुर्विषयातिक्रान्तः, -न्ता, नं passed beyond the range of the eye " (for चक्षुषो विषयम् अतिक्रान्त:) ; रथमध्यस्थः, “ standing in the middle of the chariot "; भीतपरित्राणवस्तूपालम्भपण्डितः, “ skilful in censuring the means of rescuing those in danger."

AGGREGATIVE COMPOUNDS (DWANDWA).

150. This class of compounds has no parallel in other languages. When two or more persons or things are enumerated together, it is usual in Sanscrit, instead of connecting them by a copulative, to aggregate them into one compound word. No syntactical dependence of one case upon another subsists between the members of Dwandwa compounds, since they must always consist of words which, if uncompounded, would be in the same case; and no other grammatical connection exists than that which would ordinarily be expressed by the use of the copulative conjunction and in English, or in Sanscrit. And it should be observed, that the chief difference between this class and the last turns upon this dependence in case of the words compounded on each other; insomuch that the existence or absence of such dependence, as deducible from the context, is, in some cases, the only guide by which the student is enabled to refer the compound to the one head or to the other. Thus, गुरु शिष्य सेवका: may either bea Dependent compound, and mean "the servants of the pupils of the Guru," or an Aggregative, “the Guru, and the pupil, and the servant." And if may either be Dependent, "the blood of the flesh," or Aggregative, "flesh and blood." This ambiguity, however, can never occur in aggregatives inflected in the dual, and very rarely occasions any practical difficulty.

There are three kinds of Aggregative compounds: 1st, inflected

in the plural; 2d, inflected in the dual; 3d, inflected in the singular. In the first two cases the final letter of the crude of the word terminating the compound determines the declension, and its gender the particular form of declension; in the third case it seems to be a law that this kind of compound cannot be formed unless the last word ends in a, or in a vowel changeable to a, or in a consonant to which a may be subjoined; and the gender is invariably neuter, whatever may be the gender of the final word.

Inflected in the Plural.

151. When more than two animate objects are enumerated, the last is inflected in the plural; as, “Indra, Anila, Yama, and Arka " ( for इन्द्रः अनिलः यमः अर्कः) ; राम लक्ष्मण भरताः “Rāma,

मृगव्याधसर्पशूकराः,

Lakshmana, and Bharata"; "the deer, the hunter, the serpent, and the hog." The learner will observe, that although the last member of the compound is inflected in the plural, each of the members has here a singular acceptation. But a plural signification may often be inherent in some or all of the words constituting the compound; thus, fag, "friends, neutrals, मित्रोदासीन शत्रवः, and foes " (for मित्राणि, उदासीनाः, शत्रवः) ; सिंहव्याघ्र महोरगाः, “ lions, tigers, and serpents"; pangan, “dogs, vultures, herons, ravens, kites, jackals, and crows."

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a. So also when more than two inanimate objects are enumerated, the last may be inflected in the plural; as, a:,

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virtue, wealth, enjoyment, and beatitude" (for y:, :, :, मोक्षः); इज्याध्ययनदानानि, “ sacrifice, study, and liberality" (for इज्या, quqi, qui). In some of the following a plural signification is inherent; as, golf, “flowers, roots, and fruits"; alaga gâtui, "of the unborn, the dead, and the foolish" (for anmai, quai, अजातानां मूर्खाणां); नेत्रमनःखभावा:, “ eyes, mind, and disposition"; रोग शोकपरिता

अजातमृतमूर्खाणां,

ref, “sickness, sorrow, anguish, bonds, and afflictions." b. So also when only two animate or inanimate objects are enumerated, in which a plural signification is inherent, the last is inflected in the plural; as, :, "gods and men"; gauta:, ' sons and grandsons"; पातोत्पाताः, “ falls and rises ; प्राकारपरिखाः, ramparts and trenches"; :, "in pleasures and pains" (for सुखेषु, दुःखेषु); पापपुण्यानि, “ sins and virtues."

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Inflected in the Dual.

152. When only two animate objects are enumerated, in each of which a singular signification is inherent, the last is inflected in the dual; as, , "Rāma and Lakshmana" (for : :); चन्द्र सूर्य्यो, “ the moon and sun "; मृगकाकौ, “a deer and a crow."

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a. So also when only two inanimate objects are enumerated, in each of which a singular signification is inherent, the last is inflected in the dual; as, ч, "affection and enmity" (for u, अनुरागापरागौ, अपराग:); क्षुत्पिपासे, “ hunger and thirst (for क्षुत् पिपासा); शुझाधी, “hunger and sickness"; &api, "by standing and sitting (for स्थानेन, आसनेन); मधुसर्पिषी, “ honey and ghee "; सुख दुःखे, “ pleasure and pain."

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b. In aggregating two nouns of relationship, formed with the affix π (r. 41.), the first is placed in the nominative case instead of the crude; as, funt, "mother and father."

Inflected in the Singular Neuter.

153. When two or more inanimate objects are enumerated, whether singular or plural in their signification, the last may either be inflected as above, r. 151. a. b. r. 152., or in the singular number, neut. gender; as, gu, "flowers, roots and fruits" (for gafu, मूलानि फलानि ) ; यवसानोदकेन्धनं, “ grass, food, water, and fuel " (for यवसः, अन्नं, उदकं, इन्धनं); अहोरात्रं, “ a day and night” (for अहः, रात्रिः ) ; दिग्देशं, “ quarters and countries ” (for दिश:, देशा:).

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a. Sometimes two or more animate objects are thus compounded; as,

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sons and grandsons";

as

"elephants and horses"; especially inferior objects,

O, “a dog and an outcast.”

b. In enumerating two qualities the opposite of each other, it is common to form a Dwandwa compound of this kind, by doubling an adjective or participle, and interposing the negative a ; as, चराचरं, “ moveable and immoveable" (for चरम् अचरं च ) ; pi, "good and evil"; ff, "in agreeable and disagreeable " (for प्रिये अप्रिये च); दृष्टादृष्टं, “ seen and not seen"; कृताकृतं, “done and not done.”

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DESCRIPTIVE COMPOUNDS (KARMADHĀRAYA).

154. In describing, qualifying, or defining a substantive by

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means of an adjective or participle, it is common in Sanscrit to compound the two words together, placing the adjective or participle in the first member of the compound in its crude state; as, साघुजन:, “ a good man" (for साधुर् जनः ) ; चिरमित्रं, “ an old friend” (for चिरं मित्रं); प्रियभाय्या *, "a dear wife" (for प्रिया भाय्य); रूपवद्भार्य्या * “a beautiful wife" (for); :, “a troubled ocean"; पुण्यकर्म्म, “ a holy act"; अनन्तात्मा, “ the infinite soul "; संस्कृतोक्तिः, polished speech"; qf, "holy acts ( for पुण्यानि कम्मणि) ; उत्तमनराणां, “ of the best men " ( for उत्तमानां नराणां).

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a. is substituted for the crude, “great," in the first member of a Descriptive compound ; as, महापुरुषः, not महत्पुरुषः, a great man (for महान् पुरुष: ) ; महापातकं, “ a great crime " (for महत्पातकं ) ; महाकुलं, “a great family."

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งา

b. When the substantive, “a king," is taken to form the last member of a Descriptive compound, it loses its proper form of declension as a noun of the 6th class (p. 41.), and is declined like a noun of the 1st class (see p. 42. note *. *.). af, "a friend"; सखि, qfuq, “a road"; fa, "the eye"; fa, "the night,” and some other words undergo a similar change in inflection, and become nouns of the 1st class; as, f, "a dear friend";, “a long night." When these latter words form the last member of Dependent or Collective compounds the same holds good; as in धर्मराजः, अग्नि,सखः, गवाक्षः.

c. Numerals in their crude state are sometimes found occupying the place of adjectives in the first member of a compound of this class; as, चतुर्वर्णाः, "the four castes"; :, "five arrows.”

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d. Adjectives, used substantively, sometimes occupy the last place in Descriptive compounds; as, परमधार्मिकः, “ a very just man"; परमाद्भुतं, “a very wonderful thing."

e. Compounds expressing comparison fall under this class, and are composed of two substantives, the last being generally the name of an animal denoting superiority; as, पुरुषपुङ्गवः, पुरुषसिंहः, पुरुषर्षभः, equivalent to “ an illustrious man.”

* Feminine nouns are rarely compounded in this way; and there can be no question that fu and are the proper crudes of the feminine form of the adjective. When the feminine of an adjective is used substantively, it does not give place to the crude; as, cîst:, a wanton woman."

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† But ■ is retained in a Dependent; as, :, “recourse to the great.”

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