made of the Royal Society's yard; and this copy having been examined by a committee of the House of Commons, and reported by them to be equal to the standard yard, it was marked as such; and this identical yard is declared, by the act 5 Geo. 4. c. 74., to be the standard of lineal measure in Great Britain. The clause in the act is as follows: "From and after the 1st of May, 1825 (subsequently extended to the 1st of January, 1826), the straight line or distance between the centres of the 2 points in the gold studs in the straight brass rod, now in the custody of the clerk of the House of Commons, whereon the words and figures' STANDARD YARD, 1760,' are engraved, shall be the original and genuine standard of that measure of length or lineal extension called a yard; and the same straight line or distance between the centres of the said 2 points in the said gold studs in the said brass rod, the brass being at the temperature of 620 by Fahrenheit's ther mometer, shall be and is hereby denominated the IMPERIAL STANDARD YARD,' and shall be and is hereby declared to be the unit or only standard measure of extension, wherefrom or whereby all other measures of extension whatsoever, whether the same be lineal, superficial, or solid, shall be derived, computed, and ascertained; and that all measures of length shall be taken in parts or multiples or certain proportions of the said standard yard; and that 1-3d part of the said standard yard shall be a foot, and the 12th part of such foot shall be an inch; and that the pole or perch in length shall contain 54 such yards, the furloug 220 such yards, and the mile 1,760 such yards.”—§1. The superficial measures are formed on the basis of the square of this standard; being enacted, that it "The rood of land shall contain 1,210 square yards, according to the said standard yard; and that the acre of land shall contain 4,840 such square yards, being 160 square perches, poles, or rods.”— § 2. Uniformity of Weights and Measures. — The confusion and inconvenience attending the use of weights and measures of the same denomination, but of different magnitudes, was early remarked; and there is hardly a country in which efforts have not been made to reduce them to the same uniform system. Numerous acts of parliament have been passed, having this object in view, and enjoining the use of the same weights and measures, under very severe penalties. But, owing to the inveteracy of ancient customs, and the difficulty of enforcing new regulations, these statutes have always had a very limited influence, and the greatest diversity has continued to prevail, except in lineal measures. But the statute of 5 Geo. 4. c. 74. seems to have, at length, effected what former statutes failed of accomplishing. It is, perhaps, indebted for its success in this respect to the moderate nature of the changes which it introduced. We have already seen that it made no alteration in the lineal measures previously in use. Neither did it affect the previously existing system of weights: both the Troy and the Avoirdupois weights having been preserved. "The Troy weight," says Mr. Davies Gilbert, late President of the Royal Society, "appeared to us (the commissioners of weights and measures) to be the ancient weight of this kingdom, having, as we have reason to suppose, existed in the same state from the time of St. Edward the Confessor; and there are reasons, moreover, to believe that the word Troy has no reference to any town in France, but rather to the monkish name given to London, of Troy Novant, founded on the legend of Brute. Troy weight, therefore, according to this etymology, is, in fact, London weight. We were induced, moreover, to preserve the Troy weight, because all the coinage has been uniformly regulated by it; and all medical prescriptions or formulæ now are, and always have been, estimated by Troy weight, under a peculiar subdivision which the College of Physicians have expressed themselves most anxious to preserve." It was resolved, therefore, to continue the use of Troy weight; and also, on account of the accuracy of the Troy standard, to raise the Avoirdupois weight from this basis. "We found," said Mr. Davies Gilbert, "the Avoirdupois weight, by which all heavy goods have been for a long time weighed (probably derived from Avoirs (Averia), the ancient name for goods or chattels, and Poids, weight), to be universally used throughout the kingdom. This weight, however, seems not to have been preserved with such scrupulous accuracy as Troy weight, by which more precious articles have been weighed; but we had reason to believe that the pound cannot differ by more than 1, 2, or 3 grains, from 7,000 grains Troy; some being in excess, and others, though in a less degree, in defect, but in no case amounting to above 1, 2, or 3 grains. It therefore occurred to us, that we should be offering no violence to this system of weights, if we declared that 7,000 grains Troy should be hereafter considered as the pound Avoirdupois.' In accordance with these views, it was enacted, -"That from and after the 1st day of May, 1825, the standard brass weight of 1 pound Troy weight, made in the year 1758, now in the custody of the clerk of the House of Commons, shall be, and the same is hereby declared to be, the original and genuine standard measure of weight, and that such brass weight shall be, and is hereby denominated, the Imperial Standard Troy pound, and shall be, and the same is hereby declared to be, the unit or only standard measure of weight, from which all other weights shall be derived, computed, and ascertained; and that 1-12th part of the said Troy pound shall be an ounce; and that 1-20th part of such ounce shall be a pennyweight; and that 1-24th part of such pennyweight shall be a grain; so that 5,760 such grains shall be a Troy pound; and that 7,000 such grains shall be, and they are hereby declared to be, a pound Avoirdupois. and that 1-16th part of the said pound Avoirdupois shall be an ounce Avoirdupois, and that 1-16th part of such ounce shall be a dram." The measures of capacity were found to be, at the period of passing the late statute, in the greatest confusion; and a considerable change has consequently been made in them. The wine gallon formerly amounted to 231 cubic inches, the corn gallon to 268 8, and the ale gallon to 282. But these are superseded by the Imperial gallon, which contains 277-274 cubic inches, or 2774 very nearly. It is deduced as follows: "The standard measure of capacity, as well for liquids as for dry goods not measured by heaped measure, shall be the GALLON, containing 10 lbs. avoirdupois weight of distilled water weighed in air, at the temperature of 622 of Fahrenheit's thermometer, the barometer being at 30 inches; and a meastire shall be forthwith made of brass, of such contents as aforesaid, under the directions of the Lord High Treasurer or the commissioners of his Majesty's treasury; and such brass measure shall be, and is hereby declared to be, the Imperial standard gallon, and shall be, and is hereby declared to be, the unit and only standard measure of capacity, from which all other measures of capacity to be used, as well for wine, beer, ale, spirits, and all sorts of liquids, as for dry goods not measured by heaped measure, shall be derived, computed, and ascertained; and all measures shall be taken in parts or multiples or certain proportions of the said Imperial standard gallon; and the quart shall be 4th part of such standard gallon, and the pint shall be 4th of such standard gallon, and 2 such gallons shall be a peck, and 8 such gallons shall be a bushel, and 8 such bushels a quarter of corn or other dry goods, not measured by heaped measure."—§ 6. We subjoin a Table showing the contents of the different gallons, both in measure and weight. Heaped Measures. - The greatest blemish, by far, in the act 5 Geo. 4. c. 74. was the continuance and legitimation of the practice of selling by heaped measure. This practice has since, however, been abolished, along with the use of all local and customary measures, by the act 5 & 6 Will. 4. c. 63., which contains several important provisions. This act sets out with repealing the 4 & 5 of Will. 4. c. 49., and the provisions in the acts 5 Geo. 4. c. 74. and 6 Geo. 4. c. 12, which require that all weights and measures shall be exact models or copies in shape or form of the standards deposited in the exchequer ; and those allowing the use of weights and measures, not in conformity with the Imperial standard, established by said acts; or that allow goods or merchandise to be bought or sold by weights or measures established by local custom, or founded on special agreement. It then goes on to enact as follows: Weights and Measures stamped at the Exchequer declared legal. — Weights and measures verified and stamped at the exchequer as copies of standard weights and measures, shall be taken to be legal weights and measures, to be used for comparison as copies of the Imperial standard weights and measures, although not similar in shape to those required under the provisions of the said acts; and the comptrollergeneral, or other duly authorised officer of the exchequer, may compare and verify, and stamp as correct, standard measures of a yard, standard weights and standard measures of capacity, any weights and measures which correspond in length, weight, and capacity with the standards, or parts or multiples thereof, deposited in the exchequer, under the 5 Geo. 4. c. 74., although such weights and measures may not be models or copies in shape or form of the standards so deposited. — § 4. Copies of the Standard Weights and Measures worn to be re-verified. — All copies of the Imperial standard weights and measures which have become defective, or have been mended, in consequence of wear or accident, shall forthwith be sent to the exchequer, for the purpose of being again compared and verified, and shall be stamped as re-verified copies of such standard weights and measures, provided the comptroller-general, or other officer appointed for such verification, deem them fit for the purposes of standards; and every new comparison and verification shall be indorsed upon the original indenture of verification; and such weights and measures shall be stamped upon payment of fees of verification only; and the comptroller-general, or other officer, shall keep an account of all copies of the Imperial standard weights and measures verified at the exchequer. - § 5. Local and Customary Measures abolished. — From and after the passing of this act, the Winchester bushel, the Scotch ell, and all local or customary measures, shall be abolished; and every person wh› shall sell by any measure other than one of the Imperial measures, or some multiple or aliquot part thereof, shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding 40s. for every such sale: but nothing therein shall prevent the sale of any articles in any vessel, where such vessel is not represented as containing any amount of Imperial measure, or of any fixed, local, or customary measure heretofore in use. § 6. Heaped Measure abolished. From and after the passing of this act, so much of the said acts as relates to heaped measure is hereby repealed, and the use of heaped measure shall be abolished, and all bargains, sales, and contracts made after the passing of this act, by heaped measure, shall be null and void; and every person who shall sell any articles by heaped measure shall be liable to a penalty not exceeding 40s. for every such sale. - § 7. Articles sold by Heaped Measure, how to be sold. Whereas some articles heretofore sold by heaped measure are incapable of being stricken, and may not be conveniently sold by weight; it is enacted, that all such articles may henceforth be sold by a bushel measure, corresponding in shape with the bushel prescribed by the 5 Geo. 4. c. 74. for the sale of heaped measure, or by any multiple or aliquot part thereof, filled in all parts as nearly to the level of the brim as the size and shape of the articles will admit; but nothing herein shall prevent the sale by weight of any article heretofore sold by heaped measure. § 8. Coals to be sold by Weight. From and after the 1st of January, 1836, all coals, slack, culm, and cannel of every description shall be sold by weight, and not by measure, under a penalty of 40s, for every sale. -$9. All Articles to be sold by Avoirdupois, except, &c. - From and after the passing of this act, all articles sold by weight shall be sold by avoirdupois weight, except gold, silver, platina, diamonds, or other precious stones, which may be sold by troy weight; and drugs, which, when sold by retail, may be sold by apothecaries' weight.-10. The Stone, Hundred Weight, &c.— From and after the passing of this act, the weight denominated a stone shall, in all cases, consist of 14 standard pounds avoirdupois, the hundred weight of 8 such stones, and the ton of 20 such hundred weights; but nothing herein shall prevent any bargain, sale, or contract being made by any multiple or aliquot part of the pound weight. —§ 11. Contents of Weights and Measures to be stamped on them. —All weights made after the passing of this act of the weight of one pound avoirdupois, or more, shall have the number of pounds contained in them stamped or cast on the top or side thereof in legible figures and letters; and all measures of capacity made after the passing of this act, shall have their contents stamped or marked on the outside thereof in legible figures and letters. - § 12. Weights of Lead or Pewter not to be stamped. — The stamping of weights of lead or pewter, or of any mixture thereof, is prohibited after the 1st of January, 1836; but nothing herein shall prevent the use of lead or pewter, or any mixture thereof, in the manufacture of weights wholly and substantially cased with brass, copper, or iron, and legibly stamped or marked "cased," or prevent the insertion of such a plug of lead or pewter into weights as shall be bona fide necessary for adjusting them and affixing the stamp thereon. - § 13. Conversion of Rents, Tolls, &c.—Clause 14. and 15. regulate the proceedings that are to take place in England, Ireland, and Scotland, for the conversion of rents, tolls, &c. payable in weights or measures now abolished into Imperial standard weights and measures. Fiar Prices. In Scotland, from and after the passing of this act, the fiar prices of all grain in every county shall be struck by the Imperial quarter, and all other returns of the prices of grain shall be set forth by the same, without any reference to any other measure whatsoever; and any sheriff clerk, clerk of a market, or other person offending against this provision, shall forfeit not exceeding 57. — § 16. Copies of Standards, Inspectors, &c. Clauses 17, 18, 19, and 20. prescribe the mode in which copies of the standard weights and measures shall be provided in counties, cities, boroughs, &c., the appointment of inspectors of weights and measures, &c. Clause 22. orders, that the expense of providing copies of standard weights, with the remuneration to inspectors, be defrayed out of the county rate. Clause 23. prohibits any maker or seller of weights or measures from being appointed inspector, and orders all inspectors to enter into a bond of 2001. for the due performance of the duties of their office, and the safe custody of the stamps and standard weights and measures committed to their care. Clause 24. orders inspectors to attend at market towns when ordered by justices. The following clauses are of general importance. Magistrates to procure Stamps for Inspectors for stamping all Weights, &c.— In England, the justices in general or quarter sessions assembled, and in Scotland the justices and magistrates at a meeting called by the sheriff, and in Ireland the grand juries, shall provide the inspectors with good and sufficient stamps for stamping or sealing weights and measures; and all weights and measures whatsoever, except as herein excepted, used for buying and selling, or for the collecting of any tolls or duties, or for the making of any charges on the conveyance of any goods or merchandise, shall be examined and compared with one or more copies of the Imperial standard weights and measures provided under authority of this act for such inspectors, who shall stamp, so as best to prevent fraud, such weights and measures, if they be found to correspond with the said copies; and the fees for such examination, comparison, and stamping shall be those in the schedule at the end of this act; and every person using any weight or measure other than those authorised by this act, or some aliquot part thereof, or which has not been stamped as aforesaid, except as herein excepted, or which shall be found light or otherwise unjust, shall forfeit not exceeding 52. ; and any contract, bargain, or sale made by such weights or measures shall be wholly null and void; and every light or unjust weight and measure shall, on being discovered by any inspector, be seized, and, on conviction, forfeited; but nothing herein shall require any single weight above 56 lbs. to be inspected and stamped, nor any wooden or wicker measure used in the sale of lime, or other articles of the like nature, or any glass or earthenware jug or drinking cup, though represented as containing the amount of any Imperial measure, or of any multiple thereof; but any person buying by any vessel represented as containing the amount of an Imperial measure, or of any multiple thereof, is authorised to require the contents of such vessel to be ascertained by comparison with a stamped measure, such measure to be provided by the person using such wooden or wicker measure, glass, jug, or drinking cup; and in case the person using such last-mentioned measure or vessel refuse to make such comparison, or if, upon comparison being made, it be found to be deficient in quantity, the person using the same shall be subject to the forfeitures and penalties imposed on those using light or unjust weights or measures. - § 21. Weights and Measures once stamped need not be re-stamped. -No weight or measure duly stamped by any inspector appointed under the 4 & 5 Will. 4. c. 49., or this act, or by any person or persons authorised to examine and stamp weights or measures, shall be liable to be re-stamped, although the same be used in any other place than that at which it was originally stamped, but shall be considered as a legal weight or measure throughout the U. K., unless found to be defective or unjust - § 27. Power to Justices, &c. to enter Shops and inspect Weights and Measures.—Justices, sheriffs, magistrates, and inspectors are authorised to examine weights and measures, and to order such as are light or otherwise unjust to be seized and forfeited; those using such weights and measures are subjected to a penalty of not more than 5.; and a like penalty is imposed on those refusing to produce such weights and measures, or obstructing the magistrates.-28. Penalties on Inspectors counterfeiting Stamps, &c.—Inspectors or other persons authorised to inspect weights or measures, who shall stamp any weight or measure without verifying the same, or who shall otherwise misconduct themselves in their office, shall for every such offence forfeit not more than 52.; persons forging or counterfeiting any stamp or mark used for stamping or marking weights or measures, forfeit for every offence not more than 501. and not less than 107.; and persons knowingly using weights or measures marked with such counterfeit stamps, forfeit for every offence not more than 101. nor less than 27. - §§ 29, 30. Penalty on Price Lists, &c.. From and after the 1st of January, 1836, any person printing, or clerk of any market or other person making any return, price list, price current, or any journal or other paper containing price list or price current, in which the weights and measures quoted or referred to denote or imply a greater or less weight or measure than is denoted or implied by the same denomination of Imperial weights and measures under the provisions of this act, shall forfeit and pay not exceeding 10s. for every copy of every such return, price list, price current, journal, or other paper which they publish. -$31. The remaining clauses relate to the recovery of penalties; and save the rights of the Founders' Company, and of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge. Schedule of fees to be taken by all inspectors of weights and measures appointed under the authority of this act : Invariable or Natural Standards. As the standards adopted in most countries have been in a great degree arbitrary, it has long been the opinion of scientific men, that, to construct a more perfect system of weights and measures, some natural and unchangeable basis should be adopted. It has, indeed, been contended by Paucton and Bailly, that the measures of the ancients were deduced from a basis of this sort; and that the stadium always formed an aliquot part of the earth's circumference, that part differing amongst different nations and authors. But no learning or ingenuity can induce any one to believe what is so obviously incredible. The ancients had no means of determining the earth's circumference with any thing like the accuracy required to render it the great unit of a system of measures; and, what is equally decisive, no ancient author ever makes the slightest allusion to any such standard. In more modern times, however, the idea of seeking for a unit of weight and measure in some unchanging natural object has been practically carried into effect. The standards that have been usually proposed for this object, have been some aliquot part of the quadrant of the meridian, or the length of a pendulum vibrating seconds in some given latitude. The latter has been in so far adopted into the existing system of weights and measures established by the act of 1823, that the length of the standard yard, as compared with that of a pendulum vibrating seconds in the latitude of London, is specified in the act as follows: "Whereas it has been ascertained by the commissioners appointed by his Majesty to inquire into the subject of weights and measures, that the said yard hereby declared to be the Imperial standard yard, when compared with a pendulum vibrating seconds of mean time in the latitude of London, in a vacuum at the level of the sea, is in the proportion of 36 inches to 39 inches and 1,393 ten-thousandth parts of an inch; be it therefore enacted and declared, that if at any time hereafter the said Imperial standard yard shall be lost, or shall be in any manner destroyed, defaced, or otherwise injured, it shall and may be restored by making, under the direction of the Lord High Treasurer, or the commissioners of his Majesty's treasury of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or any 3 of them for the time being, a new standard yard, bearing the same proportion to such pendulum as aforesaid, as the said Imperial standard yard bears to such pendulum." TABLES OF ENGLISH WEIGHTS AND MEASURES, ACCORDING TO THE NEW OR IMPERIAL MEASURE. 1 League -= 4827-9179 60 Geographical or 1 Degree -=11120-7442 - 1 Pennyweight = 1:5552 1 Ounce - 1 Pound 31-1027 373-2330 40 Poles 8 Furlongs 3 Miles 69 Eng. Miles 1 Pole or Rod= 1 Furlong 1 Mile Troy weight is used in the weighing of gold, silver, jewels, &c. It is also used in ascertaining the strength of spirituous liquors; in philosophical experiments; and in comparing different weights equals 3 inches; the hand, 4 inches; the span, 9 with each other. Besides the above, there are the palm, which inches; and the fathom, 6 feet. Fr. Sq. Mitres. = 0.0929 0.8316 APOTHECARIES' WEIGHT. Fr. Gram. IMPERIAL SUPERFICIAL MEASURE. 1 Grain - 1 Dram - 1 Ounce 31-102 =373-233 This weight is essentially the same as Troy weight, but differently divided. It is chiefly used for medical prescriptions; but drugs are mostly bought and sold by avoirdupois weight. DIAMOND WEIGHT. - Diamonds and other precious stones are weighed by carats, the carat being divided into 4 grains, and the grain into 16 parts. The diamond carat weighs 3 grains Troy: thus, Diamond Weight. Troy Weight. Decigrammes. · 1 Grain 0 Grains =51 2054 16 Parts 4 Grains . 1 Carat - 3} The dram is subdivided into 3 scruples, and each scruple into 10 grains; the pound, or 7,680 grains avoirdupois, equals 7,000 grains Troy, and hence 1 grain Troy equals 1097 grains avoirdupois. Hence also 144 lbs. avoirdupois 175 lbs. Troy. 175 oz. ditto. The stone is generally 14 ibs. avoirdupois weight, but for butcher's meat or fish it is 8 lbs. Hence, the hundred weight (cwt.) equals 8 stone of 14 lbs. or 14 stone of 8 lbs. and - 192 oz. ditto A stone of glass is 5 lbs. A seam of glass 24 stone, or 120 lbs. Hay and straw are sold by the load of 36 trusses. The truss of hay weighs 56 lbs. and of straw 36 lbs. The truss of new hay is 60 lbs. until the 1st of September. The custom of allowing more than 16 ounces to the pound of butter used to be very general in several parts of the country. 1 Square foot = 25-2961 =1011-6662 =4046-6648 1,728 Cubic inches Fr. Cubic Metres. · === .0283 7654 CUBIC OR SOLID MEASURE. - = 1-1326 1.4157 1-1892 50 Feet hewn do. S 1 Load or Ton - 1 Ton of shipping : By cubic measure, marble, stone, timber, masonry, and all artificers' works of length, breadth, and thickness, are measured, and also the contents of all measures of capacity, both liquid and dry. IMPERIAL LIQUID AND DRY MEASURE. Deduced from the Standard Gallon, containing 10 lbs. weight of distilled water, temperature 620, barometer 30 inches. 1 do. in Suffolk. 1 Firkin of Butter. 320 5.1347 8872-763 1,024 256 128 64 32 16 610-10-2594 17745-526′ 2,048 512 256 128 641 32 8 21 231 1 Hogshead 8-812 =249-5232 10-750 ==3326876 17.624 =499 0464 - 35.248 =998-0928 14 Barrel gallons, multiply by the reciprocal fraction 282 Table of English Ale Gallons, from 1 to 100, with their Equivalents in Imperial Gallons. Ale Gallons. Conversion of Old Wine Measure into Imperial Measure. The old wine gallon contains 231 cubic inches, and the Imperial gallon 277-274 ditto. Hence to convert wine gallons into Imperial gallons, multiply by 277-274' or by 83311; and to couvert Imperial gallons into wine gallons, multiply by the reci277-274, 5 or by 1:20032. But for most procal fraction 231 practical purposes, wine measure multiplied by 5 and divided by 6 will give Imperial measure with sufficient accuracy, and conversely. N.B. The multipliers and divisors employed to reduce old wine, ale, &c. measures to Imperial measure, serve also to reduce prices by the former to the latter. We subjoin, from the very complete and valuable work of Mr. Buchanan, of Edinburgh, on Weights and Measures, a Table of English Wine Galions, from 1 to 100, with their Equivalents in Imperial Gallons. 2 2-03409 27 OLD DRY OR WINCHESTER MEASURE. 21-66088 51 42-48866) 76 63:31643 22-49399 52 43.32177 77 61-14954) 23-32711 53 41-15488 78 64-98265) 44.98799 79 65 81576, 21-16022 54 24-99333 55 45.82110 80 66:64887) 25-82644 56 46.65421 81 67-48198) 26.65955 57 47-48732 82 68:31509 27-49266 58 48:32043 83 69-14820 49-15354 84 69-98132: 28-3257759 29-1558 60 49-98665 85 70-81443 50-11976 86 71-61754 29-99199 61 30 %2510 62 51-65288 87 12-48065 13 10-850444 38 31-65821 63 52:48599 88 73-31376] 14 1166355 39 32-49133 64 53-31910 89 74 14687 15 12-49666| 40 33-32414 65 44-15221 90 74-97998 16 13:42977 41 31-1575566 54-985.32 91 75 81309| 17 14-16289 42 34.99066 67 55-81843 92 76-616201 18 14-99600 43 35-82377 68 56-65145 93 77-47931 19 15-82910 44 36-65688 69 57:48465 91 78-31212 20 16-66242 45 37-48999 70 58-31776 95 79-14554) 38-32310 71 59-15087 96 79-978051 39-15626 72 59-95398 97 80-81176) 39 8932 73 60-81710 98 81-64487 61-63021 40-82243 74 99 82-47798] 41-65555 75 62-45332 100-83-31109] 21 17:49533 46 22 18:32844 47 23 19:1615548 24 19-99466 49 25 20 82777 50 Hence, supposing the former denominations to be preserved, a tierce of wine = 35 Imperial gallons very nearly; a puncheon = 70 ditto very nearly; a hogshead 523 ditto very nearly; a pipe or butt = 105 ditto very nearly; and a tun 210 ditto very nearly. 2 Pints 4 Bushel 1 Quarter Wey or Load 49:770 =1409-37216 The Winchester bushel is 18 inches wide, and 8 inches deep. Corn and seeds are measured by striking the bushel from the brim, with a round piece of light wood, about 2 inches in diameter, and of equal thickness from one end to the other. All other dry goods are heaped. Conversion of Winchester Bushels into Imperial Bushels.-The Winchester bushel contains 2150-42 cubic inches, and the Imperial standard bushel 2218-192 ditto. Hence, to convert Winchester 2130:42 bushels into Imperial bushels, multiply by 2218-192 2218-192 |
