Penny.

Pennant felt the advances of old age. He died at his seat at ။ Downing in 1798, and in the 72d year of his age. He inherited from nature a strong and vigorous constitution; his countenance was open and intelligent; his disposition active and cheerful; and bis vivacity, both in writing and conversation, made him perpetually entertaining. His heart was kind and benevolent, and in the relations of domestic life his conduct was highly worthy of imitation. The distresses in which his poor neighbours were at any time involved gave him unfeigned uneasiness, and he endeavoured to relieve them by every means in his power. He was possessed of candour, and free from common prejudices, a truth fully evinced in all his publications. The people of Scotland vere proud to confess, that he was the first English traveller who had fairly represented their country in its favourable, as well as in its less pleasing appearances. His style is lively, and fitted to convey the ideas which he intended to express, but it is not always correct. In zoology his arrangement is judicious, and his descrip

tions characteristic. If we discover several traces of vanity in those works which he published near the close of life, it ought to be remembered that it is the vanity of an old man, which is seldom disagreeable; and it is also the vanity of one who in the meridian of life gave the world such fruits of his labours as will be justly admired in all succeeding ages, while a taste for polite and valuable literature is cherished among men.

PENNATULA, or SEA-PEN, a genus of animals belonging to the order zoophyta. See HELMINTHOLOGY Inder.

PENNI, GIOVANNI FRANCISCo, born at Florence in 1488, was the disciple of Raphael, who observing his genius and integrity, intrusted his domestic concerns entirely to his management; by which means he got the appellation of il fatore, or the steward," which he retained ever after. The genius of Penni was universal; but his greatest pleasure was in painting landscapes and buildings; he was an excellent designer, and coloured extremely well in oil, distemper, and fresco. He painted portraits in an exquisite style; and had such happy natural talents, that Raphael left him heir to his fortune in partnership with Julio Romano his fellow disciple. After Raphael's death, Penni painted many pictures at Rome, particularly in the palace of Chigi, so exactly in the style of his master, that they might not undeservedly have been imputed to him: he finished, in conjunction with Julio and Pierino del Vaga, the celebrated designs of the battles of Constantine, and others, which Raphael had left imperfect; but differing with them about a copy of the transfiguration, which the pope intended for the king of France, they separated. Penni went to Naples; but the air of that country disagreeing with his constitution, he died soon. after in 1528. He had a brother called Lucca Penni, who worked at Genoa and other parts of Italy in conjunction with Pierino del Vaga, who married his sister; he went thence to England, where he worked for Henry VIII. and for several merchants; was employ ed by Francis I. at Fontainbleau; but at last quitted the pencil, and devoted himself to engraving

PENNY, or PENY, in commerce, aur ancient En glish coin. which had formerly considerable currency; but is now generally dwindled into an imaginary mo

ney, or money of account. Camden derives the word from the Latin pecunia, "money."

The ancient English penny, penig, or pening, was the first silver coin struck in England; nay, and the only one current among our Saxon ancestors: as is agreed by Camden, Spelman, Dr Hicks, &c..

The penny was equal in weight to our three-pence; five of them made one shilling, or scilling Saxon; 30 a mark or mancuse, equal to 7s. 6d.

Till the time of King Edw. 1. the penny was struck with a cross, so deeply indented in it, that it might be easily broke, and parted, on occasion, into two parts, thence called half-pennies; or into four, thence called fourthings or farthings. But that prince coined it. without indenture, in lieu of which, he first struck round halfpence and farthings.

He also reduced the weight of the penny to a standard; ordering that it should weigh 32 grains of wheat, taken out of the middle of the ear.-' This penny was called the penny sterling.-Twenty of these pence were to weigh an ounce; whence the penny became a weight as well as a coin. See STERLING and PENNYWeight.

The penny sterling was long disused as a coin; and was scarce known, but as a money of account, containing the twelfth part of a shilling; but of late years it has been introduced into the British current coin.

PENNY, in ancient statutes, &c. is used for all silver money. And hence the ward-penny, aver-penny, hundred-penny, tithing-penny, and brothal-penny.

PENNY-Weight, a Troy weight, containing-twentyfour grains; each grain weighing a grain of wheat ga thered out of the middle of the ear, well dried. The name took its rise hence, that this was anciently the weight of one of our ancient silver pennies. See PENNY.

Twenty of these penny-weights make an ounce Troy.

PENRITH, an ancient town of the county of Cumberland in England, seated under a hill called PenrithFell, near the rivers Eamont and Lowther. It is a great thoroughfare for travellers; but has little other trade, excepting tanning, and a small manufacture of checks. Formerly it had a castle, but it is now in ruins. In the churchyard is a monument of great antiquity, consisting of two stone pillars 11 feet 6 inches high, and 5 in circumference in the lower part, which is rounded; the upper is square, and tapers to a point; in the square part is some fretwork, and the relievo of a cross; and on the interior side of one is the faint representation of some animal. Both these stones are mortised at their lower part into a round one: they are about 15 feet asunder, and the space between them is inclosed on each side with two very large but thin semicircular stones; so that there is left between pillar and pillar a walk of two feet in breadth. Two of these lesser stones are plain, the others have certain figures, at present scarcely intel ligible. Not far from these pillars is another called the giant's thumb, five feet eight inches high, with an ex panded head, perforated on both sides; from the middle the stone rises again into a lesser head, rounded at top; but no part has a tendency to the figure of a cross, being in no part mutilated. The pillars are said to have been set up in memory of Sir Owen Cæsarius, a famous war

Penny

H Penrith.

Penrose.

Penrith, rior buried here, who killed so many wild bears, which much infested this county, that the figures of bears, cut out on stone, on each side of his grave, were set there in remembrance of the execution he made among those beasts; and it is likewise said his body extended from one pillar to the other. In the market place there is a town-house of wood, beautified with bears climbing up a ragged staff. There is a memorandum on the north side of the vestry without, that, in 1598, 2266 persons died here of the plague. There is a charity school in this place for 20 boys, and another for 30 girls, maintained by 551. a-year, by the sacrament money and parish-stock. In 1715 the Scotch Highlanders entered this town, and quartered in it for a night, in their way to Preston, without doing much harm; but in the last rebellion, in 1745, they were, it is said, very rapacious and cruel. Its handsome spacious church has been lately rebuilt, and the roof supported by pillars, whose shafts are of one entire reddish stone, dug out of a neighbouring quarry. On the east part of the parish, upon the north bank of the river Eamont, there are two caves or grottoes, dug out of the solid rock, and sufficient to contain Ico men. The passage to them is very narrow dangerous; and it is possible that its perilous access may have given it the name of Isis Parlis; though the vulgar tell strange stories of one Isis, a giant, who lived there in former times, and, like Cacus of old, used to seize men and cattle, and draw them into his den to devour them. But it is highly probable that these subterraneous chambers were made for a secure retreat in time of sudden danger; and the iron gates, which were taken away not long ago, seem to confirm that supposition. The population in 1811 was 4328. W. Long. 4. 43. N. Lat. 54. 35.

PENROSE, THOMAS, was the son of the reverend Mr Penrose, rector of Newbury, Berks, a man of high character and abilities, descended from an ancient Cornish family, beloved and respected by all who knew him. Mr Penrose, jun. being intended for the church, pursued his studies with success, at Christ-church, Oxon, until the summer of 1762, when his eager turn to the naval and military line overpowering his attachment to his real interest, he left his college, and embarked in the unfortunate expedition against Nova Colonia, in South America, under the command of Captain Macnamara. The issue was fatal. The Clive (the largest vessel) was burnt; and though the Ambuscade escaped (on board of which Mr Penrose, acting as lieutenant of marines, was wounded), yet the hardships which he afterwards sustain ed in a prize sloop, in which he was stationed, utterly ruined his constitution. Returning to England with ample testimonials of his gallantry and good behaviour, he finished, at Hereford College, Oxon, his course of studies; and having taken orders, accepted the curacy of Newbury, the income of which, by the voluntary subscription of the inhabitants, was considerably augmented. After he had continued in that station about nine years, it seemed as if the clouds of disappointment, which had hitherto overshadowed his prospects, and tinctured his poetical essays with gloom, were clearing away; for he was then presented by a friend, who knew his worth and honoured his abilities, to a living worth near 500l. per annum. It came, however, too late; for the state of Mr Penrose's health was now such as left little hope, except in the assistance of the waters of Bris

Pensacola

tol. Thither he went; and there he died in 1779, aged Penrose 36 years. In 1768 he married Miss Mary Slocock of Newbury, by whom he had one child, Thomas, who was educated at Winton College.

Mr Penrose was respected for his extensive erudition, admired for his eloquence, and equally beloved and esteemed for his social qualities. By the poor, towards whom he was liberal to bis utmost ability, he was venerated to the highest degree. In oratory and composition his talents were great. His pencil was ready as his pen, and on subjects of humour had uncommon merit. To his poetical abilities the public, by their reception of his Flights of Fancy, &c. have given a favourable testi

mony.

PENRYN, a town of Cornwall, in England, seated on a hill at the entrance of Falmouth-haven by Pendendis castle. The inhabitants in 1811 were 2713, and the streets are broad and well paved. There are so many gardens and orchards in it, that it resembles very much a town in a wood. It is well watered with rivnlets, and has an arm of the sea on each side of it, with a good custom-house and quay, and other neat buildings. It drives a considerable trade in pilchards, and in the Newfoundland fishery. It was anciently governed by a portreeve; but James I. made it a corporation, consisting of a mayor, 11 aldermen, 12 common-councilmen, with a recorder, steward, &c. an office of record every three weeks, with a prison, and power to try felons in their jurisdiction. in their jurisdiction. And he granted that the mayor and two aldermen should be justices of the peace, and that they should have a guildhall. There was once a monastery in this place, which was a cell to Kirton; and there are still to be seen a tower, and part of the garden walls, the ruins of a collegiate church. It has neither church nor chapel, but belongs to the parish of Gluvias, a quarter of a mile off. It has sent members to parliament ever since the first year of Queen Mary; and James II. granted it a new charter, whereby their election was vested in the magistracy only; but it was never made use of, all the inhabitants that pay scot and lot, who are not much above 100, being the electors. Mr Rymer gives a very remarkable account how Penryn was once saved by a company of strolling players. He says, that towards the latter end of the 16th century the Spaniards were landing to burn the town just as the players were setting Samson upon the Philistines; which performance was accompanied with such drumming and shouting, that the Spaniards thought some ambush was laid for them, and scampered back to their ships. Queen Elizabeth founded a free-school in this place. W. Long. 4. 58. N. Lat. 50. 23.

PENSACOLA, a town in North America, situated upon a bay of the same name in the gulf of Mexico. The bay is about 30 miles long and five broad, except at the entrance, where it does not much exceed a mile; and is defended by the fort of Barancas, situated about three miles from its mouth. The town, which is situated about ten miles from the mouth of the bay, is of importance chiefly for its harbour, which is the best in the gulf of Mexico.

The year 1781, so eventful to Britain in many respects, was also remarkable for the reduction of Pensacola by the Spaniards under Don Bernardo Galvez. Great preparations for this expedition had been making at the Havannah; but a dreadful burricane obliged it to put back

Pensacola. to repair; but as soon as the fleet was again judged capable of putting to sea, an embarkation was made of near 8ɔɔɔ men, with Don Bernardo at their head, together with five ships of the line, who arrived at Pensacola on the 9th of March 1791. This force was soon augmented by ten ships of the line and six frigates; while General Campbell, the British governor, could oppose such a formidable armament with few more than 1000 men, consisting of some regulars and seamen, with the inhabitants. The entrance of the harbour, which was the principal object of defence, was guarded by two small armed vessels, but they were insufficient to second the batteries that had been erected for its protection; and these, without the assistance of some ships of force, were incapable of resisting a vigorous attack. Notwithstanding this prodigious odds, however, the Spaniards met with the most determined opposition. Every inch of ground was disputed with the greatest resolution. The harbour was not forced without the greatest difficulty, nor could the vessels be taken that defended it; the companies belonging to them, after setting them on fire, retired on shore.

The Spaniards, now in possession of the harbour, invested the place in form, and made their approaches in a cautious and regular manner; while, on the other hand, the besieged were no less active and vigilant in their own defence. Sallies were made occasionally with great success, at the same time that an uninterrupted fire was kept up in such a manner as not only greatly to annoy, but even to strike the besiegers with astonishment. This incensed the Spanish general the more, as he knew that the garrison could expect no relief, and therefore that all their efforts could only prolong the date of their surrender. The resistance was the more mortifying, as he was perfectly conscious of the bravery of his troops; and be had artillery fit, as his officers expressed themselves," to be employed against Gibraltar." With all these advantages, however, so resolute was the defence of the garrison, that after the siege had continued for two months, very little hope could be entertained of its speedy termination. As they despaired therefore of As they despaired therefore of making any effectual impression by means of their cannon, they erected a battery of mortars, with which they bombarded a redoubt that commanded the main avenue to the place; and in this they were favoured by an unexpected accident. On the 8th of May a shell burst open the door of the powder magazine under the redoubt, by which it was blown up, with the loss of near 100 men killed and wounded. Fortunately for the garrison, however, two flank-works still remained entire, from both which so heavy a fire was kept up, that though an assault was immediately given, the assailants were repulsed with great slaughter. This afforded leisure to the garrison to carry off the wounded men, with some of the artillery, and to spike up the rest. As the enemy, however, soon recovered themselves, and prepared for a general storm, it was thought proper to abandon the flank-works, and retire into the body of the place. The possession of these outworks, however, gave the enemy such advantages, that the place was no longer tenable. Their situation, on a rising ground, enabled them to command the battery opposite to their chief approach with small arms, and to single out the men at their guns A capitulation therefore became absolutely which was obtained on honourable terms. VOL. XVI. Part I.

neces. ary

ensilva

nia.

The town, with the whole province of West Florida, Pensacola was confirmed to the Spaniards by the treaty of 1783, and continued in their possession till the 24th May 1818, when it was taken after a trifling resistance by the American general Jackson, on pretence that the Spaniards, though then at peace with the United States, had aided the Seminole Indians in their hostilities. By a treaty published in May 1819, this town with the whole of East and West Florida was ceded to the United States, but the treaty has not yet been ratified by the king of Spain. (June 1819.) W. Long. 87. 12. N. Lat. 30. 28.

PENSANCE, a town of Cornwall, in England, at the bottom of Mountsbay, about ten miles from the Land's End. It was burnt in 1595 by the Spaniards, who, with four galleys, surprised this part of the coast, and set fire to several villages and farms: but it was soon after rebuilt, made one of the coinage towns, and has now a considerable trade. It lies in the parish of Madern, noted for its restorative spring, very effectual in the cure of lameness as well as the cholic, &c. It is well built, and has many ships belonging to it. The population in 1801 exceeded 3000 souls. The shore abounds with lead, tin, and copper ore; the veins appear on the utmost extent of land at low-water mark.

PENSILES HORTI, Hanging Gardens, in antiquity. See BABYLON, No 5.

PENSILVANIA, one of the United States of North America, had its name from the famous Quaker William Penn, son of Sir William, commander of the English fleet in Oliver Cromwell's time, and in the beginning of Charles II.'s reign, who obtained a grant of it in the year 1679. It is bounded on the cast by Delaware bay and river; on the north by the state of New York; on the south by Maryland and Virginia; and on the west by Ohio. Its extent from north to south is about 153 miles; its breadth is about 273; its area is 24,500 square miles.

New York, the Jerseys, and Pensilvania, were discovered, with the rest of the continent of North America, in the reign of Henry VII. by Sebastian Cabot, for the crown of England; but Sir Walter Raleigh was the first adventurer that attempted to plant colonies on these shores, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth; and, in honour of that princess, gave all the eastern coast of North America the name of Virginia. Mr Hudson, an Englishman, sailing to that part of the coast which lies between Virginia and New England, in the beginning of the reign of James I. and being about to make a settlement at the mouth of Hudson's river, the Dutch gave him a sum of money to dispose of his interest in this country to them. In the year 1608 they began to plant it; and, by virtue of this purchase, laid claim to all those countries which are now denominated New York, New Jersey, and Pensilvania; but there remaining some part of this coast which was not planted by the Hollanders, the Swedes sent a fleet of ships thither, and took possession of it for that crown; but the Dutch having a superior force in the neighbourhood, compelled the Swedes to submit to their dominion, allowing them, however, to enjoy the plantations they had settled. The English not admitting that either the Dutch or Swedes had any right to countries first discovered and planted by a subject of England, and part of them at that time possessed by the subjects of Great Britain, under charter Q

from

nia.

Pensilva- from Queen Elizabeth and King James I.; King Charles II. during the first Dutch war in 1664, granted the countries of New York, the Jerseys, and Pensilvania, of which the Dutch had usurped the possession, to his brother James duke of York; and Sir Robert Carr being sent over with a squadron of men of war and land forces, and summoning the Dutch governor of the city of New Amsterdam, now New York, to surrender, he thought fit to obey the summons, and yield that capital to the English: the rest of the places in the possession of the Dutch and Swedes followed his example; and these countries were confirmed to the English by the Dutch at the next treaty of peace between the two nations. The duke of York afterwards parcelled them out to under proprietors; selling, in particular, to William Penn the elder, in 1683, the town of Newcastle, alias Delaware, and a district of 12 miles round the same; to whom, his heirs, and assigns, by another deed of the same date, he made over all that tract of land from 12 miles south of Newcastle to the Whore-hills, otherwise called Cape Henlopen, now divided into the two counties of Kent and Sussex, which, with Newcastle district, are commonly known by the name of the Three Lower Counties upon Delaware River. All the rest of the under proprietors, some time after, surrendered their charters to the crown; whereby New York and the Jerseys became royal governments; but Penn retained that part of the country which had been sold to him by the duke of York, together with what had been granted to him before in 1680-1, which now constitutes the province of Pensilvania. As soon as Penn had got his patent, he began to plant the country. Those who went over from England were generally Dissenters and Quakers, whose religion is established by law here, but with a toleration of all other Protestant sects. The Dutch and Swedes, who were settled here before Mr Penn became proprietor, choosing still to reside in this country, as they did in New York and the Jerseys, obtained the same privileges as the rest of his majesty's subjects; and their descendants are now in a manner the same people with the English, speaking their language, and being governed by their laws and customs. Mr Penn, however, not satisfied with the title granted him by King Charles II. and his brother, bought the lands also of the Indians for a valuable consideration, or what they esteemed such (though 20 miles were purchased, at first, for less than an acre about Philadelphia would pay now), paying them in cloth, tools, and utensils, to their entire satisfaction: for they had not hands to cultivate the hundredth part of their lands, and if they could have raised a product, there was nobody to buy: the purchase, therefore, was all clear gain to them; and, by the coming of the English, their paltry trade became so profitable, that they soon found their condition much altered for the better; and are now as well clothed and fed as the European peasantry in many places.

The air in Pensilvania is sweet and clear. The fall, or autumn, begins about the 20th of October, and lasts till the middle of December, when the winter sets in, which continues till March, and is sometimes extremely cold and severe; but the air is then generally dry and healthy. The river Delaware, though very broad, is often frozen over. From March to June, that is, in the spring, the weather is more inconstant than in

2

the other seasons. In the months of July, August, aud September, the heats would be almost intolerable, if they were not mitigated by frequent cool breezes. The wind during the summer is generally south-west; but in the winter blows for the most part from the north-west over the snowy frozen mountains and lakes of Canada, which occasions the excessive cold during that season. On the whole, the climate of this state differs not materially from that of Connecticut, except that on the west side of the mountains the weather is much more regular. The hot southwardly winds get chilled by passing over the long chain of Allegany mountains. The mean annual temperature of Philadelphia, according to Humboldt, is 54.8, of winter 33.8, of spring 53, of summer 75.2, and of autumn 56.1.

This is upon the whole one of the healthiest states in the Union. In 1793, and 1797, Philadelphia was visited by the yellow fever; but since the latter period it has been entirely exempted from this disease. Among the people called Quakers, who are the oldest settlers, there are instances of longevity, occasioned by their living in the old cultivated countries, and the temperance imposed on them by their religion. There are fewer long-lived people among the Germans than among other nations, occasioned by their excess of labour and low diet. They live chiefly upon vegetables and watery food, that affords too little nourishment to repair the waste of their strength by hard labour. The most general diseases are rheumatism and pleurisy. The first is very common in the interior, and often becomes chronic. The goitre is said to prevail in a slight degree at Pittsburg.

As to the face of this country, towards the coast, like the adjacent colonies, it is flat, but rises gradually to the Apalachian mountains on the west. Nearly one-third of this state may be called mountainous; particularly the counties of Bedford, Huntingdon, Cumberland, part of Franklin, Dauphin, and part of Bucks and Northampton, through which pass, under various names, the numerous ridges and spurs, which collectively form what are called the great range of Allegany mountains. There is a remarkable difference between the country on the east and west side of the range of mountains we have just been describing. Between these mountains and the lower falls of the rivers which run into the Atlantic, not only in this, but in all the southern states, are several ranges of stones, sand, earths, and minerals, which lie in the utmost confusion. Beds of stone, of vast extent, particularly of limestone, have their several layers broken in pieces, and the fragments thrown confusedly in every direction. Between these lower falls and the ocean is a very extensive collection of sand, clay, mud, and shells, partly thrown up by the waves of the sea, partly brought down by floods from the upper county, and partly produced by the decay of vegetable substances. The country west of the Allegany mountains, in these respects, is totally different. It is very irregular, broken, and variegated, but there are no mountains; and when viewed from the most western ridge of the Allegany, it appears to be a vast extended plain. All the various strata of stone appear to have lain undisturbed in the situation wherein they were first formed. The layers of clay, sand, and coal, are nearly horizontal. Scarcely a single instance is to be found to the contrary. Every appearance, in short,

tends

Pensilva nia.

Pensilva- tends to confirm the opinion, that the original crust, nia. in which the stone was formed, has never been broken up on the west side of the mountains, as it evidently has been eastward of them.

The chief rivers are three, Delaware, Susquehanna, and Schuylkil. The Delaware, rising in the state of New York, takes its course southward; and after dividing this province from that of New Jersey, falls into the Atlantic ocean between the promontories or capes May and Henlopen, forming at its mouth a large bay, called from the river Delaware Bay. This river is navigable above 200 miles. Ships of the line can ascend to Philadelphia. The Susquehanna rises also in the state of New York, and running south through the middle of the province, falls into the bay of Chesapeake. It is not navigable near the sea, owing to rocks. The Schuylkil has its source within the state, and runs south, till at length, turning to the eastward, it falls into the river Delaware 6 miles below the city of Philadelphia. It navigable for boats 100 miles. The Allegany river traverses the north-western parts of the state, and joining the Monongahela at Pittsburg, forms the Ohio. All these rivers admit of boat navigation.

The principal mineral productions are, iron ore, which is found in great quantities in several counties, and of various kinds; copper ore, said to be found, but is not wrought; lead ore, yielding 20 per cent. of metal; black lead; slate of a good quality; freestone and limestone; marble, black, white, and variegated; coal of an excellent quality on the Susquehanna, Allegany, Monongahela, Leheigh, and Schuylkil rivers. There are also several mineral springs, some of which are in high estimation for their medicinal virtues. The salt springs of Conemaugh produce a hundred bushels of salt per day. In Venargo county an oil spring rises from the bed of the Allegany river, which yields a gallon in the course of an hour or two.

Pensilvania abounds in excellent wood, oak, chesnut, beech, elm, black walnut, bass wood, butternut, locust and magnolia. The latter is not found farther north than this state. The sugar maple is abundant, and in the hilly parts near Lake Erie is found in the proportion of six or eight trees to an acre. About one million of pounds of sugar were made from the maple in this state in 1810.

The wild animals are now rare in this state, having retired as cultivation advanced. Deer are still common in the uncultivated districts; and the brown bear, wolf, wild cat, and fox, are met with occasionally. The musk-rat is found in marshy places. The beaver and otter are nearly extinct: the cougouar is rarely seen. The wild turkey, with some species of pheasants, grouse, and pigeons, are found. The rivers and creeks abound with salmon, trout, shad, carp, eels, rockfish, &c. The caterpillar sometimes does much injury to vegetation. The grass or meadow-worm is another destructive insect which occasionally visits the country. The musquito is sometimes troublesome in low valleys, but never in elevated parts. Mr Cobbet states, as the result of his own observations and experiments, that even low situations may be kept free of this insect, if care is taken to remove all filth and putrid or decayed matter. The beetle, known by the name of tumblebug, is in many parts destructive to the Indian corn. The other kinds of grain are liable to be injured by a

As it is believed that the rate of increase has not diminished, the number will probably be about 1,050,000 at present (1819), which gives about 42 inhabitants to each square mile. Pensilvania is the third state in point of population; Virginia being the first, and New York the second. The chief town is Philadelphia, which is estimated to contain 120,000 inhabitants.

The constitution of this state is said to have been drawn up by the late Sir William Jones. The legisla tive power is vested in a general assembly, consisting of a senate and house of representatives. The senators are elected for four years, the representatives for one, by the free citizens of 21 years of age, who have resided two years within the state and paid taxes. A fourth part of the senate is renewed annually. Sena tors must be 25 years of age, and must have resided four years in the state; representatives must be 21 years of age, and must have resided three years in the state. The number of representatives cannot be less than 60, nor more than 100. The governor is elected by the citizens for three years, and is commander-inchief of the army and navy, except when called into the service of the United States. Persons holding public offices are only required to acknowledge the being of a God, and a future state of rewards and punishments. The judges are appointed by the governor, and may be impeached or removed by him, on the address of twothirds of both houses. Pensilvania was the first state that carried into execution the ideas of philosophical writers on the subject of criminal law. Only the two crimes of murder and arson are punished with death; inferior crimes with bard labour. The laws are mild, and the grand object of making the punishment contribute to the reformation of the individual, is steadily kept in view. The prison of Philadelphia is the best conducted institution of the kind in the world; and its system of discipline has served as a model to the most enlightened states in Europe.

The militia of this state in 1812 consisted of 99,414 men, of whom whom 2005 were artillery and cavalry. There are no taxes for the general government. Those for the expences of the state government are very small. The most entire religious freedom exists here. Indeed Pensilvania. was the first among the North American states to set the example of complete liberty of conscience. In 1802 there were 36 congregations of Presbyterians, 84 of German Calvinists, 84 of German Lutherans, 54 of Quakers, 26 of Episcopalians, 15 of Baptists, 11 of Roman Catholics, 8 of Scotch Presbyterians, 8 of Moravians; of free Quakers, Covenanters, Universalists, each 1, and the Jews had two synagogues. In 1817 the number of Baptist churches was 60.

There are many tions in this state.

charitable and benevolent instituThose in the capital are very numerous,

Q 2

nia.