deacon (an order of priesthood), from an ascetick. සොගත් corshipper of Budha (e. g. උචසු hermit), from සුගත් an appellation of Budha. South-west, from a wind, a deity of that name presiding over the destinies of the S-W. point, and the affix. star, and the affix . & in feet, from multitude, from astronomer, from feet, and the affix g. තා the-whole-world, from ee world, and the affix . හැමි villager, from ∞ village, and g the affix. heavenly, from heaven, and the affix. dig (from or gold, and the affix) 'that which is made of gold' golden. දඬුමුවා (from දඬු wood, and මුවා theaffix) ' that which is made of wood-wooden. 6 star-like. sailor, from ferry-man, from from 6 star, and a ferry, and the affix. who inquires what to do'-an obedient person, from and 6 (including the affix) inquires to do. which is lustrous'-brilliant thing or person, from affix, නිකර· 'he what, that lustre. from es wisdom, and affix, a wise man. from බිලී from De power, and g affix, a powerful person. arm, and g affix, handy-one (a term for the elephant, see note (*) at p. 12.) from society, and g the affix, a Courtier. Thus are nouns inflected by appropriate affixes to the nominal roots. But there are peculiar and idiomatic expressions, with certain affixes attached to them, which are derived from the particular subjects to which they relate; such as flowers and fruits, from the names of the trees to which they respectively belong; and in like manner the cardinal points, from the names of the Deities who preside over them; e. g. s the East, from the word signifying Indra, who is supposed to be the presiding deity of the East; the South-east, from the * e. g. andgod Lotus flowers; Jack trees; &c. &c. name of Agnidevi, the regent of the South-eastern quarter; the South, which is sacred to a deity of the name of Yama. End of the eighth Chapter.* Perhaps no part of this Grammar presents to the student wider and more interesting scope for speculative inquiry and theoretical induction than this chapter. Although Derivation, strictly speaking, is a part of Philology, it nevertheless belongs to the province of Grammar; and we thus find it treated by nearly all Oriental Grammarians, under the head of affixes, in their connexion with verbal and nominal roots, whence all words spring. It is, however, not a little curious, that the Singhalese, like the Sanscrit writers, "lay down rules to account for the formation of almost every derivative word" in the language: and, as Mr. Yates observes, in the preface to his Grammar, p. xIII., "where the origin is doubtful, the methods of tracing the derivatives are often so fanciful, that little dependence can be placed upon them." Upon a careful perusal of the above chapter, the student will find, that in the formation of words from roots such affixes are only to be selected, as may be both expressive and euphonious;-expressive, such as those which had "their origin in the most obscure and early epoch of language," and which therefore have certain meanings attached to them;-and euphonious, such as those, which, when combined with the roots, may not leave a hiatus between the base and the affix. It is to be observed also, that where this euphony is unattainable, we are to resort to the elision, substitution, and transposition of letters. With reference to the question, whether these affixes convey any meaning?' Professor Bopp, in his Comparative Grammar, p. 121. says→→→ "It is more natural to suppose that they have or had meaning, and that the organism of language connects that which has a meaning with what is likewise sigificative. Why should not language denote accessory ideas, by accessory words appended to the root? Language, which possesses both sense aud body, infuses sense, and imparts form to every word." CHAPTER IX. On the Nominative Case. 59. When the instrument or agent, and the object, are in their proper cases respectively, they are sm (nonnominative); but when they are not in their proper cases they are, in the (nominative or the) first case. † When the object is governed by a passive verb, such as, [a word which expresses the sustaining of an act] it is nominative; otherwise (i. e. when it is not governed by a passive verb) it is non-nominative. (It therefore follows, that) when the object is the nominative, the agent is non-nominative; but when the agent is nominative, the object is non-nominative. EXAMPLES Of simple Verbs. දහම්සරදම්සැරිහු විසින් දෙසිනි. The doctrines werepreached by Budha. [Here "doctrines," which is the object of the verb, is the nominative; and "Budha," which is the agent, is non-nominative.] of එදම් අරිසඟපිලිපදිනෙයි. The body of chief priests follows those doctrines. [Here "body" which is the subject or agent of the verb, is nominative; and "doctrines," the object, is non-nominative.] EXAMPLES Of intransitive Verbs whose agent is Nominative. එහි පිලිබිඹුඔහු බලා නොසැහැ වනසන මෙනෙනෙව්. Having beheld his shadow in the pond, not forgiving, and as it were intent upon destruction, the royal elephant, distressed by the influence of a hot sun, sunk in (that) pond. To no Asiatic Grammar does this chapter bear a closer resemblance than the Bála'wetara. Oriental Scholars who have made Pali their study will derive greater benefit by consulting the text, than its translation published by the Rev. B. Clough. † Vide § 26, and note (†) thereon. EXAMPLES Of transitive Verbs where the agent is Nominative. Kama through fear of Siva, has entered the vacuum of women's hearts: even there he is distressed. How then in opposition to the great, can any prosper? EXAMPLES Of verbal Appellatives shewing the object as the Nominative. සලෙළු තිලිද කපියවුරු බෙස ද පිය බඳ: වුහුටෙහි සන්නය දහස් ස්තාන විඋපුර ණසිතෙනෙව් The rake was delighted with the sight of the hill-like bosom of the lovely one; and as if intent upon up-rooting that-which-wasdirected thither-the arrow-like eyes, he shook his head. Note, that if words of different cases be compounded, or inflected in order to convey one idea, the compound word is in the Nominative (unless otherwise governed); and that an expression without a verb, properly takes the verb 8,—* a root expressive of being. End of the ninth Chapter. * The neuter verb 8 is frequently omitted in the Singhalese, as in the Sanscrit. Thus, in the former, (There were) bright clouls, (as if they were) strokes (produced) on the touch-stone of the sky, by the Goldsmith of a clear evening, by means of the gold-like sun-Kaviasakera. and in the latter, කොපුත්රෙණතෙන යොන විද්වාන්න ධාර්මකඃ කාණං චක්ෂු හා කිං-ව "What (is) the use of a son (being) born, who is neither learned nor pious? What (benefit is there) from a sightless eye? (such) an eye (is) even only pain”—Hitopadesa. CHAPTER X. On the Government of Cases. 60. Learned men or Pundits have given the six following Cases, viz. the Accusative, the Instrumental, the Auxiliary, the Dative, the Ablative and the Locative, the name of agents. They are the relations of objects in a sentence to the verb; 99 is an accident of the Singhalese Grammar; which, although found in the Sanscrit, is nevertheless omitted by European writers. Indeed we have failed to perceive any elucidation of the same in any of their works. Hence it is that we are unable to give it a familiar designation, and are driven to the necessity of appending this note. Karaka, we have already translated, vide p. 4. § 8, as "the means by which an act is performed." This is very obscure, if not incorrect. Mr. Clough in his Dictionary. p. 119, gives the following definition", an act, a deed, an agent, especially in Grammar, comprising all nouns which imply the agent, object, instrument, &c. or any thing except the radical idea; it also includes the application of all the cases [He should have added] 'with the exception of the Genitive and the Vocative.' Professor Wilson, to whom Mr. Clough was indebted for the above, is more comprehensive in his definition (see his Dictionary, p. 213)—it also includes the use and government of the Cases, or Syntax.' Hence it would seem. that karaka are the six relations of a noun in reference to the verb, and that they are in one of the six following cases-the Accusative, the Instrumental (which sometimes includes the Nominative,) the Auxiliary, the Dative, the Ablative and the Loca→ tive: e. g. 1. If we say, 'He killed a man'—man has a relation to the verb in expressing the object of the verb. But, 2, if we say, 'He was killed by a man,' the noun man has a like relation to the verb; and implies that it was the instrument of the act [Here it is nece-sary to observe, that the Nominative has the same signification as the Instrumental, as he in 'He killed a man;' but, where the Nominative is the subject of a passive verb, as in' He was killed by a man,' he, although the Nominative, would nevertheless be (as being the object which sustains the act) an Accusative karaka]. 3, If we say, 'He was killed with a stick, we not only convey the relation which stick bears to the verb, but also express that which was an auxiliary to the performance of the art, viz.-the stick. 4, If we say, 'He gave to him a blow,' him conveys the object which was the recipient of the act, 5, If again we say, 'He fell from a tree.' tree expresses the object from whence the act had its rise. And 6, if we say, He fell from a tree in the orchard,' orchard expresses, in relation to the act, the situation of the tree from whence he fell.' We have thus shewn that a noun in a sentence K |