41. The following are roots of Intransitive Verbs (which are not followed by an accusative case): quis, stand, BE fall, ¦¿ ¿ð smart, Hè sleep, &ę rest, D∞ fear, Dɩ & rain, Aɔ, laugh, please, cry, (creak, or make noise), තිනුම් griere, පැළුම් strike, දිව් live, &c. And the following are roots of Transitive Verbs (which are followed by an accusative case): ę see, (behold), e receive, cut, (break or eradicate), ‹ know, ∞ɔ go, රක් support, වද speak, බඳ tie, බොජුම් eat,කර do, (make), 88 cook, desire, & bear, (or convey, or pour), 5 release, give, bend, &c. Verbs Intransitive have either an active or a substantive voice; and Verbs Transitive either a passive voice. or an active Verbs in their three persons (He, thou, and I), admit of (three) tenses; the past, the present, and the future.‡ The substantive voice, e. g. පින්වත්හු විසින් වීමයි is rendered ax Mr. Wilkins in his Sanscrit Grammar, p. 122. of, 'There is being, by Sir (by you Sır,) i. e. you are, or are becoming.' Mr. Wilkins adds, “this mode of using the verb is called, or the Substantive voice." The passive voice, which is peculiar to transitive verbs, is found in the Singhalese; although its existence has been denied by the Revd. S. Lambrick, in his Grammar; see Introduction, and § 53. Upon this subject the rule is exactly the same as that laid down by Dr. Lowth, p. 106— “A neuter verb cannot become a passive. In a neuter verb the agent and the object are the same, and cannot be separated even in imagination, as in the examples to sleep, to walk; but when the verb is passive, one thing is acted upon by another, really or by supposition different from it." ↑ Singhalese as well as Sanscrit Grammarians treat of the persons and tenses in an order different from that adopted by Europeans. Whilst the latter count the first person first, and the third last. the former place the first last, and the third first. The tenses are reckoned by Singhalese in the order of time, vizt. past first, the present next, and the future The terminations of the past tense of the verb in the third person singular number, are ,, &, and ; the terminations of the present tense of the verb in the third person singular number, are g,,, and ; and the terminations of the future tense of the verb in the third person singular number, are අන්නේ, එන් ඔන්නේ, and නේ. The terminations of the past tense of the verb in the third person plural number, are c",, C, and c; each of which may at pleasure be changed by adding and ; the terminations of the present tense of the verb in the third person plural number, are අත්, ඉත්, එත් and ඔත්; and the terminations of the future tense of the verb in the third person plural number, are, and . අන්නාහු 57569. 1. EXAMPLES Of the past tense of the verb in the third person singular number. ඒ ;-දිවකුරමු නියම ඉදුහු කෙල්. Devekooron Budla performed a superhuman feat (called) Yama. last. It is also remarkable that the pronouns in construction with verbs are often elegantly omitted, as their nominative case, as in the Latin; the termination of the verb being a sufficient distinction. The method here adopted by the Grammarian is far from being satisfactory; and we have therefore given in the Appendix a little work called Vebat' Maldame, in which the reader will find the above examples are better and more methodically arranged. Vide translation in the Addenda § 11. et seq. The adoption of "symbolical letters " as in අන්,ත,ම, at § 41; and,, SI, 2, 1, 3, 6, w, at § 61 &c. is not without much perplexity to the beginner. It is indeed the like "mystical teaching of the native Grammarians" in the Sanscrit, that has led Professor Williams to speak of them in the following strain. (see his Grammar p. 56.) "Hence it happens, that the expounder of Sanscrit Grammar, who wishes to exhaust his subject, is not only compelled to embarass and perplex an otherwise simple statement, by the diffused exhibition of various forms, and tenses, and exceptions, which are of little utility to the extraordinary student; but is forced, moreover, to bewilder the beginner by a complication of technical phrases, conventional abbreviations, and symbolical letters, which are as puzzling at the first stage of his studies, as they may be useful in assisting his memory at a later period."" -∞Ɖnciçuno.8. The whole world, having seen that, became glad. &;—dungsanwa(gdðis.ů. The great multitude destroyed (kelesoon) the evil propensities of human nature. Ci-conona: 8 gcdio 99. There (the multitude) sunk in the Ocean's bed of Budha's splendour. 2, EXAMPLES 42. Of the present tense of the verb in the third person singular number. 8;-quor Bigodaagsivîs. The nine-branched Religion ඉ;—අප සිහුන වඟ සසුන් පවති. of our Budha endures. ඕ;—මුළු ලෙබදහමොදබෝ. The whole world imbibes his pithy doctrines. ඒ ;—ඔබඅරි සඟගහ තොටුව දෙනේ. His bodyof high priests conquers the heathen. ආ;-9තුනුරුවන්නියවත්පුදා. The wise man offers unto 3, EXAMPLES 43. Of the future tense of the verb in the third person singular number. අන්නේ; - මෙතේදිනිඳුපස්මරුන්දනන්නේ. My’tree Budho will conquer the five Mara. එන්නේ ; -අ පවග අමා දෙන්නේ. (He) will give the Heavenly food of Nivene. ඔන්නේ;—එ අමමහ දෙනේ බොන්නේ. The same nectar will the great multitude drink. නේ;—එඋලෙලැසොන්වැ සිවස්නේ. (And)atthatfestival will flowery rain fall. 44. 4, EXAMPLES Of the past tense of the verb in the third person plural number; රු සිහු මහහගෙ or ගෙතුහ, or ගෙතූහු. Irshees invented great arts. *Note that and given in the text; as in are sometimes substituted for the regular inflexion eu, mcy, &c. පඬිහු අරුත්පල කලෝ, or කලහ, or කලහු. Pundits published the properties (of all things.) එනියවත්හු උගත්තු, or උගත්හ, or උගත්හු. Those මරසෙන්හුන්බුන්, or බුන්හ, or බුන්හු. 5. EXAMPLES 45. Of the present tense of the verb in the third person 6. EXAMPLES 46. Of the future tense of the verb in the third person plural number. අන්නෝ; -සුසිරි කලහුමෙනේ දි නිඳු පුදන්නෝ. Those who have acquired merit will offer unto My'tree Budha. අන්නාහු—එසස්නෙහි පැවිදි වන්නාහු. In that faith oill they become priests. ළුහු;-අනතිරිය පා කලුහු ඔබ නොදක්නාහු. Those who have committed the sin called Anetiriye will not see him. Note, that the above terminations undergo a slight change by being deprived of the inherent vowel in the two last.f 47. The above terminations are changed into 8 and 35 respectively, in the second person singular and plural; and the *Note, that the terminations given under this conjugation may also be changed into ඉ; as වති instead of වනන්, විඳිති instead of විඳිත්, දෙති instead of දෙත්, and බොති instead of බොන් proper terminations of the first person singular are 8, and 3. which are changed into and 3 in the plural. EXAMPLES Of verbs in the second person, in all their tenses and numbers. 6180. singular-Thou formerly Past Present Future didst meritorious acts. තෙප්පෙර සුසිර කලහු. plural—Ye formerly did meritorious acts. anią sócom63. singular-Thou reignest at oasismoy. plural-Ye reign at present. 48. Examples of the verb in the first person and in its tenses and numbers. Note that the learner should be guided by usage in the selection of terminations. Past -Present Sansowylusias§, or S35. singular-I for- ඇප්පෙර සපුරිසන්බිජුම, or බිජුමෝ. or බීජු හ or මම් ද ලබමු නිපුත්තනතුරු බෙජෙම්, or බෙජෙමි. singular-Now do I hold the precarious office of a priest. ඇප් දදුරා මුනි පුත්ත නතුරුබජමු, or බජ මෝ or බජම්හ, or බජම්හු. plural—Nono do re hold the precarious office of a priest. * The word 2, literally 'a son of Budha,' is here rendered priest, |