Imatges de pàgina
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senses are subjugated,' i. e. 9, Budha, in the sense of the Instrumental. that by reason whereof a meal or rice is prevented,' i. e. &, quarrel, in the sense of the Auxiliary case. io-that by whose means a-tree-is-cut,' i. e. පරසු, are, also in the sense of the Auxiliary case. දුන්වත් 'a person to whom a thing is given,' i. e. a, Brahamin, in the sense of the Dative case. -'that from

which a-monkey-fell'i. e. 6, a tree, in the sense of the Ablative case. -a-face-of-moon,' or Ayden 'a thinness-of-waist,' i. e. woman; e 'one of tenpowers,' or 'one of five-eyes,' i. e. Budha, in the sense of the Genitive case. Idosos-that-which-has-in-it many-rutting-elephants,' i. e. 6, forest, in the sense of the Locative case. නන්සුරවිරු බල—' that which has in it many-heroic-powerful-troops,' i. e. 6, battle-field, also in the sense of the Locative case.

is associated with strung-stars,' i. e. q@6, sky.

-'that which

'he who was associated in the same womb,' i. e. brother.

Note, that this class of compounds may be subdivided into two, viz., inherent or possessive attributives, as s 'one who has a drooping ear;'-and attributives

other than the possessive, as gigor 'one who reached the ocean's end.'

Fifth class of compounds.

39. When a term or expression, which, if not compounded, would require the intervention of a conjunction equivalent to and, is considered either severally, i. e. as many as there are words, or as one aggregate term; it is called q coe, a copulative compound."

The following definition of this species of compounds in Wilkin's Sanscrit Grammar, will throw further light upon the rule in the text-"When two or more words come together, each in the same case, and which, in the usual mode of construction, would be separated by a conjunction equivalent to and, they may be formed into a compound of this species. There are two modes of forming compounds of this species. In the first mode, the compound

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EXAMPLES.

Expressions such as 6 -both the sun and the moon' produce හිර සඳ, Sun-moon; සැරියුත් ද මහ මුගලන්ද "both Seriyoot and Mahamoogelan' produce grow a e, Seriyoot-Mahamoogelan; andıq8∞oç—'elephants, horses, carriages, foot, (soldiers)' is a compound formed of ඇත්හුද, අස්හුද, රියඳ, පදද, ' elephants, and horses, and carriages, and foot (soldiers).'

Note, that where the words are to be taken severally the last word of the compound should take a plural termination; QWy666(1), Brahama, God, and men worship.*

Note also, that where the words are taken collectively, the last word of the compound takes a singular termination; e. g. Bong, Song-dance.

End of the fifth Chapter. †

is considered as many, and the last word is therefore put in the plural number; and in the second mode, the aggregate is considered as one, and the last number is, consequently, put in the singular number.'-p. 569. * Although not upon the same principle, compounds in the English language frequently have the plural inflexion on the last word. "Two or more nouns in concordance, and forming one complex name, or a name and a title, or two titles, have the plural termination annexed to the last only; as the Miss Smiths, the three Doctor Simpsons, the two Master Wigginses; queen-consorts, lord-chancellors, lord-lieutenants.—' Analogy,' Dr. Priestly observes, 'would plead in favor of a different construction, and lead us to say, the Misses Smith, &c.; for, if the ellipsis were supplied, we should say, the two young ladies of the name of Smith. The latter form of expression, it is true, occasionally occurs; but general usage, and, I rather incline to think, analogy likewise, decides in favor of the former: for, with a few exceptions, and those not parallel to the examples just given, we almost uniformly, in complex names, confine the inflexion to the last or the latter noun."-Crombie.

+ Mr. Yates in the Introduction to his Sanscrit Grammar, at p. xvii. says "All the words in a sentence are frequently run one into another, and the final letters of each word changed to agree with the initial of the succeeding one. In English, were words thus joined together without any permutation of the letters, it would be very puzzling to a learner; but if the final letters of each word were changed to agree with the

CHAPTER VI.

Of Concord.

40. The principal part of a sentence (which is governed by its other parts) is the subject called one, and all the terms which (agree with or) qualify the subject are called the attribute, est The subject must agree with its attribute in Gender and Case. Erudite scholars will in composition (generally) place the attribute so that it may agree with the subject in gender and case; or they will obviate its necessity by a different form of expression.

initial of the next, the difficulty would be greatly increased. This is the case in Sanscrit." Nor is it less so in Singhalese. And it is remarkable that, owing to this peculiarity in Oriental languages, translations into the English labour under serious objections in respect of clearness and elegance of style ;-defects which have been frequently, but unjustly, attributed to the ignorance of translators. In translating compound terms into English, it is frequently necessary to string up a number of words together in order to keep clear of many difficulties in composition. Of this last, the Mahawanso presents us with an instance." Dewananpiyatisso' is translated by Mr. Turnour, "of-the-devos-the-delight Tisso."

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* This, which some may suppose to be the only chapter on Syntax, contains but a brief elucidation of the various rules known to the Singhalese language. Indeed, that which Europeans call Syntax, embraces in the Singhalese a great deal of what is treated under the head of Propriety, in the 11th chapter, and the science of 6, Rhetoric, in the 12th chapter; on which last, we should not omit to state, there is extant in the Singhalese a separate work called the Swabhas’alankara.-As in the Sanscrit, the great bulk of the Elu works are in metre; and therefore the rules regarding the construction of sentences are in general "subordinate to the necessity of rhythm." Many figures of speech are chiefly owing to a poetical license, more than to any laws of language. It will be seen that in this work the syntax of the noun, the verb, the cases, &c., are interspersed, as in Tamil Grammars, with other matters strictly pertaining to other departments of Grammar.

In the Singhalese, properly speaking, the Adjectives or Attributes admit of no degrees of comparison. The Adjectives sometimes take certain affixes by which a superlative, or a degree between the positive and the superlative is expressed; thus very round; &ço Q partially_red, &c.

EXAMPLE 1.

නම මුනිඳුතුමා, තමා සිරින්පබසරා

සරාසිසි කල්දසහා, සනාරෙසෙනඳහුදියේ.

Worship the Supreme Budha-(who) by his own prosperity spreads splendour (who) has a lovely appearance like an autumnal moon-(and who) is (wet with the taste of love) greatly loved in the world.

Here the subject 'Budha,' and its attributes in the several members of the sentence, are of the same gender and case. EXAMPLE 2.

නමව් පිරි සිඳ සැබවිනයු අනාවත්මන්

පද අතුනෙක කෙනෙඳත් පවරමුනි රජහුසරණ.

Bow ye to the feet of the Supreme-Budha-of-Royalty, who, in an instant, fully, and correctly acquired a knowledge of all things, past, present, and future.

Here the attributes are so placed, (without being put in apposition to the subject), as to have no direct agreement with the latter.

The subject and its attribute are placed differently according to the inclination of scholars: and where it is desirable to convey, unmistakeably, the signification of the attributes, the particle may be added to the same."

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* d. f පහන් වූ කල්හි නෙළුන්මල්හි හැසිරෙන්නා (වූ) බඹර ස මුහය අඳුරු නැමති මවු සොයමින් ඇවිදින්නා (වූ) අන්දකාර පැටි යන්වැන්නෝයි. Swarms of bees, which at day light hover over the lotuses, are like the offspring of darkness proceeding in quest of their parent of darkness.

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Sande, the so-called fair woman comes.

Thus are the subject and its attributes differently put.

End of the sixth Chapter.

* We may take this opportunity to observe, that in the construction of sentences in the Singhalese language, care should be taken,

First, To place the dependent before the principal clauses, e. g. 1 ආකණ්ඩ ලාකඩ ගුණසණ්ඩ මණ්ඩිත 2 පණ්ඩිත ජනපුඩ රික මාර්තාණ්ඩ මණ්ඩල 3 මාර්තාණණ්ඩ කුලෝත්භූත 4 ශ්‍රමණ්ඩ ලේස්වර – 5 නරේස්ව 5 ප්‍රාක්‍රමබාහු නරේ ස්වරයාගේ 6 මේද එක්වන්න භාසනයක අදතාකණ් භූෂණය කර. 7 In thy ear do thou retain 6 these praises 5 of king Parakkremebahu, 4 sovereign chief of the earth, 3 born of the solar race, 2 equal to the Sun's splendour in reference to the white Lotus-like pandits, (and) I to Indra in reference to the assemblage of his virtues.—Hanse’Sandeysey.

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Secondly, To place the attribute before the subject or noun; e. g. 1 මාර්තණ්ඩ 2 කුලෝත් 3 භූත. 3 Born of-the-solar 2 race. Thirdly, To place the governed before the governing words in a sentence; e. g. 1 මොහු 2 කුමට ඇලවීදැයි 4 වදාල සේක. 4 He said, 2 wherefore 3 seizedst thou 1 him?—Oomandawe. I qr±HO ? C¢ හස් 3 වදාරා 4 දොර 5 සුනු ගෑ 6 ගෙයි 7 ස්ත්‍රිය 8 ගෙන්වා 9රජ

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11 80. ඇසු 11 When 9 the king 10 had inquired 8 having caused to-be-brought 7 the woman 6 of the house 4 whose door 5 he had chalked, and 3 having expressed 2 displeasure | towards the ministers ;—Raja'walia, And Fourthly, To place the principal verb at the end of the sentence. Since the student has already had numerous examples of this, we need only refer him to a few familiar instances; as To me give instead

of 'Give me;' Rice eat, instead of 'Eat rice;'

දම් සැරිහු විසින් දෙසින් The doctrines by Butha tere preached,

instead of 'The doctrines were preached by Budha.'

Exception. Poetry forms an exception to the above general rules. Of this the student will find examples in the two blank verses given in the text. It is, however, worthy of remark, that even poetry which has by all nations been allowed a wider and more indulgent range than prose, is more elegant when composed according to the above rules, than when they are departed from.

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