ghalese possesses its equivalent : but, as in Murathec, it rather signifies in Singhalese what,' or 'whatever,' thence 'any,' than 'who, which.' See Dr. Stephenson's Gram: p. 83; and also an example of this in the Introduction, p. lxxxi. යමෙය විසුළුව හිඳ ශ්‍රීc.

We have already seen, at p. 22, that the Singhalese language does not possess any relative pronouns. With reference to this peculiarity the following passage occurs in the Rev. Mr. Selkirk's Recollections of Ceylon, p. p. 134-5. I COR. XV. 1.

තවද ... සහෝදර යෙළු ... මං..

තාපට ,,, කායකලා වූ...

to you having proclaimed

I make known.

perceived the manner in what we may consider a

"In these sentences will be which the Singhalese get over great defect in their language, but which, to those who are acquainted with it, is a beauty, viz. the want of the pronoun relative. This is obviated chiefly by the use of compound epithets and participles. Thus in the preceding, I Cor. XV. 1, there are three expressions in which the relative pronoun which occurs, viz., 'The gospel, which I preached;' which ye received;' and 'wherein (in which) ye stand.'

"Moreover, bretheren I declare unto you the Gospel which I preached unto you, which also ye received, and wherein ye

stand.

"The epithets used in the Singhalese for the first of these expressions are, 'I-to-you-having-proclaimed;' for the second you-having-received;' for the third, 'you-beingestablished;' all agreeing with the word gospel, which comes last."

Even amongst Europeans the pronoun relative is frequently omitted in the same "manner in which the Singhalese get over it." Thus, in the following selection from Pope's Messiah 'Tis He the obstructed paths of sound shall clear,

And bid new music charm the unfolding ear: who is understood after "Tis he;" and in the following passage in Cowper:

But let eternal infamy pursue

The wretch, to naught but his ambition true, who is likewise understood after "wretch;" and yet there is no impropriety of style. Just so in the Singhalese. All the clauses which have a sort of government upon the noun, and which in English require the help of a relative pronoun in construction, are put in as so many adjectives, all qualifying the noun; vide § 40. This may frequently be resorted to in English. Thus, instead of "a pen with which one writes," "a writing pen;" "a frog which croaks," "a croaking frog."

Thus also the Singhalese of 1 Cor. xv. 1, is "Moreover, brethren, the good tidings, declared by me to you-received by you-and conformed to by you-do I make known unto you." A European may easily understand the effect which such language produces in the Singhalese mind, if he would but regard each of the clauses within dashes as compound adjectives, qualifying the noun good-tidings: e. g.

"Moreover, brethren, by-me-to-you-declared, by-you-received and by-you-conformed-to, GOOD-TIDINGS,—to you do I make known."

The relative pronoun, though found in the Sanscrit, is yet often understood as in English. Thus in Wilkins' Sanscrit Grammar, p. 620.

"He, who, on-all things perishing does-not-perish, is

Y

uperior to-that (which is) visible, and of-another nature,

This is likewise the case in Pali. Take for instance, the passage which we extracted at p. clxxi.

සාමාධී මුල භාසාරායායාදි කප්පිකා

බ්‍රහමාණෙචාස්සු තාලාපා සම්බුද්ධ : පිභාසරෙ.

"If men of the previous kalpa, or the inhabitants of the Brahama world, or persons [who] had not heard the sound of human speech, or Budhas spoke a language, it was Maghadi, the primitive language.”

In the above sentence the relative pronoun is avoided by a mode which is likewise adopted in the Singhalese. The student will find that mode on comparing the above literal translation with the following.

"The Maghadi is the primitive language, which was spoken by Budhas, men of the previous kalpa, the inhabitants of the Brahama world, and persons who had not heard the sound of human speech."

PRONOMINAL ADJECTIVES.

like the cognate Sanscrit e sva, 'his,' signifies also 'own,' and can be applied to all the three persons. (Bopp § 405.) In this respecte is similar, but not equally expressive.

'this,' and D∞, t6, ✅ ‘that,' are demonstratives, having nice distinctions in their application. Mr. Lambrick says, “As

with its derivatives, is appropriated to represent a person or thing near to the speaker, so with its derivatives is appropriated to represent a person or thing near (opposite to) the person spoken to; and 6, with its derivatives, is appropriated to represent a person or thing at a distance from both the persons in conversation. The fourth, with its derivatives, is appropriated to represent a person or thing spoken of before."— p. 21. Upon a comparison of a great majority of the Pronominal Adjectives in Sanscrit with

those in the Singhalese of like signification, we find a resem-
blance, which clearly establishes the relationship, which, in
reference to the former, we have elsewhere assigned to the
latter language. We have already shewn the similarity
between Sanscrit, and Singhalese. In the same order
we now lay before our readers the following; &=~> ‘all;'
'one;' 'one of two,' and 'one of
many; = 'other;'
8 'other'
[The original signification of this term is in modern usage
found altered into ‘remaining' i. e. 'other']; 'which of
two,' and 'which of many'-6; 'two'q, o,
ද්වය දො,
a; 'both'); a half'; go 'few'=;
කතිපය ' how many ’= ප [which is also now used in a sense
different from the interrogative]; ∞ 'all'=∞ɩ©, &c. &c.
LOCATIVES,

=

in the Sanscrit, also bear a great affinity to those in the Sin-
ghalese; e. g. 'prior' 'East'o; o 'after'=~6;
2
'posterior,' 'West'=26; ç'right,' 'South,=
දකුන; උත්තර ' subsequent,' ' North'= උතුර ; අනන්ත (trans-
lated by Professor Wilson) 'outer'= [which in Singha-
lese means, interval."]

INTERROGATIVES.

"The interrogative bases in Sanscrit are three, according to the three primary vowels, viz. ka, ki, ku." (Bopp, § 386.) This is also the case in the Singhalese. From ka we get

6,

gói, and 9 'what,' 'which,' 'who;' from ki, we obtain 'what,' and [which is in Sanscrit], 'some one,' 'any one' 'certain one;' and from 2 ku,, and , 'what.'

Many other interrogatives may be declined in like manner, with a slight alteration; asoɔ, ɔn, 'what,' &c.

Notes 8 and 9.-p. p. 22, 23.

INDECLINABLE PARTICLES.

We omitted to translate the indeclinable particles given at p p. 22, 23, with a view to notice them at length, which we now do.

1. Seles-is sometimes an adverb, when it means always' or 'continuously;' and sometimes it retains the character of a noun, conveying the meaning of fullness; e. g. තිලකුනු බවච්චිස්සල් ‘ Always meditate upon the three at

tributes.'

2. gmore,' an adverb; as genceded06g0 'There were more than a thousand sons of the emperor.'

3. adverb.

56-' again and again,' 'frequently '—an

4. g-like en in Pali, and 8 in Sanscritan adverb meaning 'again,’ as අවිඳුහේ පුනපුනා බෙමේ කම් 6; By reason of ignorance do [the ignorant] again and again whirl themselves in metempsychosis.”*—Kawusilumina.

5.99-like co in Pali,' soon' an adverb; as 9 බටුවෝලියෝපැහ දුල 'The splendid women soon descended.’

-Kaviasekare.

6.-like s in Sanscrit, 'slowly,' an adverb, equivalent to සනිං in Pali, as කලනලියසිනිඟමන්ත කරේ "The lovely woman slowly performs her journey.'

For a correct definition of the Singhalese term which we have here rendered 'metempsychosis:' sees in Clough's Dictionary.