a. Observe also-The terminations beginning with vowels will often be called vowel-terminations; those beginning with consonants, including the nom. sing., will be called consonantal-terminations.

Similarly, those cases which take the vowel-terminations will sometimes be called vowel-cases; and those which take the consonantal, consonantal-cases.

93. Having propounded the above scheme, which for convenience will be called the memorial scheme of terminations, as the general type of the several case-affixes in the three numbers, Indian grammarians proceed to adapt them to every noun, substantive and adjective, in the language, as well as to pronouns, numerals, and participles, whether masculine, feminine, or neuter. In fact, their theory is, that there is but one declension in Sanskrit, and that the base of a noun being given, and the regular case-terminations being given, the base is to be joined to those terminations according to the usual rules for the combination of final and initial letters, as in the following examples of the two bases, vav), and fharit, m. f., 'green.'

nau, f., ‘a ship' (navi,

96. Unfortunately, however, it happens, that of nouns whose bases end in vowels,nau, a ship,' is nearly the only one that admits of this regular junction of the base with the case-endings; and, although nouns whose bases end in consonants are numerous, and are generally declined as regularly as harit, yet they are numerically insignificant, compared with nouns in a, á, i, í, u, and ṛi, whose declension requires frequent changes in the final of the base, and various modifications, or even substitutions, in the terminations.

97. Thus in the first class of nouns ending in a (which will be found to comprise more nouns than all the other seven classes together; compare 80 with 81-87), not only is the final a of the base liable to be lengthened and changed to e, but also the termination ina is substituted for á, the proper termination of the instrumental sing. masc.; ya for e of the dative; t for as of the ablative; sya for as of the genitive; n for as of the accus. plural; ais for bhis of the instrum. plural. And in many other nouns particular changes and substitutions are required, some of which are determined by the gender.

1

N.

Ac.

The annexed table exhibits synoptically the terminations, with the most usual substitutions, throughout all the classes of nouns. Those substitutions marked * are mostly restricted to nouns ending in a, and are therefore especially noticeable.

म्

SINGULAR.

(m. f.), * (n.)
■*

(m. f.), * (m. f. n.)

I. झा ( m. f. n.), इन * (m.n.)
D. ₹ (m. f. n.), 4* (m. n.)
Ab.wa (m.f.n.), ₹ (m.f.), 7* (m.n.)
G. अस् (m.f.n.),स् (m.f.), स्य* (m.n.)
L. 3 (m. f. n.), wi* (f.)

a. Comparing the above terminations with those of Latin and Greek, we may remark that s enters into the nom. sing. masc., and m or n into the neuter, in all three languages. In regard to the Sanskrit dual au, the original termination was á, as found in the Vedas; and á equals the Greek a, w, and e. In nom. pl. masc. the s appears in many Latin and Greek words. In acc. sing., Sanskrit agrees with Latin, and frequently with Greek, as the Sanskrit m may be euphonically changed to n (v), if influenced by a dental following (see note to page 18). In the acc. pl. s appears in all three languages; and when the Sanskrit ends in n, as in the first class of nouns, this n is probably for ns, since a preceding a is lengthened to compensate for the rejection of s. In inst. pl. bhis is preserved in the Latin nobis, vobis, and the Greek (v) for pis (vav-piv = naubhis). The ais which belongs to Sanskrit nouns in a is probably a contraction of abhis, since in the Vedas aswebhis for aśwábhis is found for aswais, and vṛikebhis for vṛíkais. The dat. pl. bhyas answers to the Latin bus. In the gen. sing. all three languages have preserved the s (návas, navis, vaFos for vnós); and in the gen. pl. ám is equivalent to the Greek wy, and the Latin um (чi = πodov, pedum). In loc. sing. the Sanskrit i is preserved in the dative of Greek and Latin words (fafg: = VUKTÍ- Compare the expression T autÿ VUKTí— Alfa = navi). In loc. pl. su answers to the Greek σ (t=vavoi). Sanskrit bases in a prefix i to su; so that vṛikaishu (29. b) = Avkoïo1. The voc. sing. in Greek is generally identical with the base, and the voc. dual and pl. with the nom., as in Sanskrit: thus λoye is the voc. sing. of λόγος, τριήρες of τριήρης, χαρίεν οι χαρίεις, βασιλεῦ οἱ Bariλeus, &c. See Bopp's Comparative Grammar, Eastwick, passim.

98. In the following pages no attempt will be made to bring back all nouns to the general scheme of terminations by a detailed explanation of changes and substitutions in every case. But under every one of the eight classes a model noun for the masculine, feminine, and neuter, serving for adjectives as well as substantives,

will be declined at full; and under every case of every noun the method of joining the final letter of the base with the proper terminations will be indicated in English letters.

99. The student must, however, understand, that the division into eight classes, which here follows, is not meant to imply the existence of eight separate declensions in the sense understood by the classical scholar, but is rather intended to shew, that the final letters of the inflective bases of nouns may be arranged under four general heads for vowels, and four for consonants; and that all Sanskrit nouns, whatever may be the final of their bases, are capable of adaptation to one common scheme of nearly similar caseterminations.

a. In the same manner it will appear in the sequel, that the ten classes into which verbs are divided do not imply ten different conjugations, but rather ten different ways of adapting the bases of verbs to one common scheme of tenseterminations. There is no reason why the same system of generalisation should not have been carried out in Latin and Greek, had the inflection of nouns and verbs in these languages been built upon roots and crude bases.

100. The classical scholar may, if he please, satisfy his own ideas of declension, by regarding masculine and neuter nouns in a, like siva of the first class, as his Ist declension; feminine nouns in á and í, like sivá and nadí of the first class, as his 2d declension; masculine and feminine nouns in i and u, like kavi, mati, bhánu, and dhenu, of the second and third classes, as his 3d declension; and all the remaining nouns, including the neuters of those in i and u, and all those contained in the last five classes, as his 4th declension. These four declensions may be traced in regular order in the following pages, and will be denoted by the capital letters A at 103; B at 105; C at 110; D at 114.

101. Observe, that in declining the model nouns, under every inflection, the crude base with the sign +, and after it the termination, will be exhibited in English letters. Moreover, the number of the rule of Sandhi which must come into operation in joining the final of the base with the initial of the termination will generally be indicated. For it is most important to remember, that the formation of every case in a Sanskrit noun supposes the application of a rule of Sandhi or 'junction;' and that the very meaning of declension is the junction of the final syllable of the crude base with the terminations.

102. Not unfrequently, however, in some of the cases, the original final of the base is changed to its Guna or Vriddhi equivalent (see 27), or to some other

letter (see 43. b. c. d. e), before the termination is affixed; and not unfrequently the original termination of the scheme is changed for some other termination, as indicated at 97.

In order, therefore, that the student, without forgetting the original final of the crude base, or the original termination of the memorial scheme, may at the same time observe, 1st, whether in any particular instances the final of the base undergoes any or what modification-2dly, whether the original termination suffers any change-it will be desirable that, whenever in exceptional cases the final vowel of the base is to be gunated or vriddhied, or otherwise changed, this changed form of the base be exhibited in place of the original form: thus, at 103, under the genitive dual sivayos, sive+os denotes, that before the base siva is joined to the termination os, the final letter a is to be changed to e; and the number indicates the rule of Sandhi which must come into operation in joining sive and os together. Similarly, whenever the original termination has to be modified, it will be desirable that the termination be exhibited in its altered form: thus, at 103, under the accus. sing., siva+m denotes, that the base is to be joined with m, substituted for the original termination am. See the table, page 58.

SECTION I.

DECLENSION OF NOUNS, SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE, WHOSE BASES END IN VOWELS, OR OF THE FIRST FOUR CLASSES OF NOUNS.

FIRST CLASS OF NOUNS DECLINED.

Masculine and neuter bases in a; feminine bases in ■á and §í. Note, that this class comprises by far the greater number of nouns, substantive and adjective, in the language. It answers to a common class of Latin and Greek words in us and os, um and ov, a and a; such as lupus, λÚKO5 ( Sans. vṛikas, nom. of vṛika); donum, dŵpov; terra, xúpa (=); and to adjectives like bonus, ἀγαθός, &c.

103. (A) Masculine bases in a, declined like fara siva, m., ' the god Siva,' or as an adjective, prosperous.'

The final of the base is lengthened in D. Ab. sing., I. D. Ab. du., G. pl.; and changed to e in G. L. du., D. Ab. L. pl.: n is euphonically affixed to the final