from to eat,' an eater of flesh.' There are also a few nouns falling under this class, formed by prefixing prepositions to roots ending in t or d or a short vowel; as, from vid, 'to know,' fa f. an agreement;' from dyut, 'to shine,' vidyut, ‘lightning;' from pad, 'to go,' sampad, success.' So also, fan 'battle,' from 'to go;' Jufua theological work,' from sad.

One or two roots ending in or thus, mud, f., joy;' fa chit, f., The practice of using roots at the end of compounds prevails also in Greek and Latin; as in χέρ-νιψ (-νιβ), βου-πλήξ (-πληγ), &c., arti-fen (-fic), carni-fea (-fic), præ-ses (-sid), &c. And there is a very remarkable agreement between Sanskrit and Latin in the practice of adding t to roots ending in short vowels: thus, com-it (comes), 'a goer with;' equ-it (eques), 'a goer on horseback;' al-it (ales), a goer with wings;' super-stit (superstes), ́ a stander by,' &c. Greek adds a similar t to roots with a long final vowel; as, ά-yάт, ά-πтάт, &c. (See Bopp's Comparative Grammar, Eastwick, 1293.)

may stand by themselves as substantives : the mind.'

II. it (nom. -it, in all genders), after Guna of the root, forming a few substantives and adjectives; as, from sṛi, to flow,' #f¿¿ sarit, f., ‘ a stream;' from to seize,'

'green,'' Vishnu.'

III. There are a few other nouns in 7t and d, of uncertain derivation; as, मरुत् m. ‘the wind,' शरद् f. ' autumn,' दृशद् f. 'a stone,' कुमुद् n. ' a lotus.'

By adding to the base of NOUNS—

I. vat (nom. -ván, -vatí, -vat), if the base ends in a or á*, forming innumerable adjectives; as, from dhana, 'wealth,' dhanavat, possessed of wealth.' This and the next affix are universally applicable, and are of the utmost utility to form adjectives of possession. Sometimes vat is added to bases in s and t; as in

tejaswat (compare 69. a) and vidyutwat (see 45). Compare Greek forms in

εις, εντ; as, χαρίεις, χαρίεντ, δακρυόεις, δακρυόεντ, &c.

II. mat (nom. -mán, -matí, -mat), if the base ends in i, í, or u, to form adjectives like the preceding; as, from dhí, 'wisdom,' dhímat, 'wise;' from anśu, 'a ray,' anśumat, ' radiant.' .

85. SIXTH CLASS.-Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter bases in an and इन् in.

Formed by adding to ROOTS

I. an (nom. -á), forming a few masculine nouns; as, rájan, ‘a king,' from ráj, to be glorious;' takshan, a carpenter,' from taksh, to cleave;' ukshan, ‘a bull' (compare English oxen), from uksh, to impregnate;' snehan, 'a friend,' from snih, to love,' &c. Greek and Latin have similar formations in wv, cv, nv, av, on and in; as, TéKTOV = (TÉKTWV), Eikóv (-Kwv), homin (homo), &c.

* Vat is not often found added to feminine bases. It occurs, however, occasionally ; as, कान्तावत् 'having a wife,' शिखावत् 'crested.'

II. man (nom. -ma), after Guņa of the root, forming neuter substantives; as, from kṛi, ‘to do,' karman, ‘a deed.' This affix corresponds to the Latin men, in regimen, agmen, stamen, &c.; and to the Greek μwv, in μvýμwv, tλńμwv, &c.: but adjectives in man, like prosperous,' are very rare in Sanskrit. A few nouns in man are masculine; as, átman, 'soul' (nom. -má); the hot season;' शुष्मन् ‘fire;' पाप्मन् 'sin;' सीमन् 'a border ;' वेमन् 'a loom.’

III. van (nom. -vá, -vá, -va), forming a few substantives and adjectives; as, seeing,' a looker,' from driś, 'to see.'

By adding to roots or to the base of NOUNS

IV. 4 iman (nom. -imá), forming masculine abstract substantives. If the noun ends in a or u, these vowels are rejected; as, from kála, black,' káliman, 'blackness;' from laghu, light,' laghiman, lightness;' from mṛidu, soft,' mradiman, &c. If it ends in a consonant, this consonant, with its preceding vowel, is rejected; as, from mahat, 'great,' mahiman, 'greatness.' A medial ri before a simple consonant is changed to ra, but not before a double consonant; as, from 'black,' blackness.' A final ri is gunated; as, sariman from sri; stariman from stri (compare stramen); hariman, 'time,' from hṛi, &c. Iman is generally added to adjectives, and the same changes take place before it, that take place before the affixes íyas and ishṭha (see 192): thus, gariman, preman, drághiman, bhúman, prathiman, &c.

By adding to ROOTS

V. A in (nom. -í, -iní, -i), after Vṛiddhi of a final vowel and medial a, and Guna of any other medial vowel, forming nouns of agency of three genders (see 582. b); as, from kṛi, ‘to do,' kárin, ́ a doer.' Compare Greek and Latin formations in ov and on; as, TéKTOV (-KTwv), edon (edo), &c.

By adding to the base of NOUNS—

VI. in (nom. -í, -iní, -i), forming innumerable adjectives of possession. The final of a base is rejected before this affix; as, from dhana, 'wealth,' dhanin, 'wealthy;' from málá, ‘a garland,' málin, ́ garlanded;' from vríhi, ‘rice,' vríhin, 'having rice.' Compare Greek and Latin formations in wv and on; as, yvál-wv, 'having cheeks;' nason (naso), ́having a nose.'

VII. fær vin (nom. -ví, -viní, -vi), if the base ends in á or as, forming a few adjectives; as, from medhá, intellect,' medhávin, 'intellectual;' from tejas, 'splendour,' tejaswin, 'splendid.' Compare 69. a.

86. SEVENTH CLASS.-Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter bases in अस् as, इस् is, and उस् us.

I.

Formed by adding to ROOTS

as (nom. -as), after Guna, forming a great many neuter substantives; as, from man, to think,' manas, 'the mind;' from sṛi, 'to go,' saras, 'water.' It also forms one or two masculine and feminine nouns; as, vedhas, m., Brahmá ;'

chandramas, m., 'the moon;' apsaras, f., ' a nymph;' ushas, f., 'the dawn,' from ush, 'to glow :' but in these the nominative is long (-ás).

II. E is or JA us (nom. -is, -us). In place of as, the neuter affixes is or us are occasionally added; as, from hu, 'to offer,' havis, 'ghee;' from chaksh, ‘to speak,' chakshus, 'the eye.' See 68. a. With as compare the Latin es in nubes (HA nabhas), sedes (HH sadas), &c.; but especially the us and ur of words like genus, scelus, robur. Compare also the Greek formations πáb-os, ed-os, μév-os, ψεῦδος, &c.

87. EIGHTH CLASS.-Masculine, Feminine, and Neuter bases in any Consonant, except at and ₹ d, în, as.

द्

Formed by using ROOTS as adjectives, substantives, or nouns of agency— Any root may be used to form an adjective or a noun of agency, provided it be the last member of a compound word: thus, from to be able,' sarvaśak, 'omnipotent.' Those roots which end in t or d, or in a short vowel, having t affixed, have been already noticed as falling under the fifth class. This eighth class is intended to comprise all other roots, ending in any consonant; as, bhuj (nom. bhuk); राज् ráj (nom. राट्) ; प्राच्छ् (nom. प्राट्) ; बुध् (nom. भुत्) ; पुर् (nom. पूस); गिर् (nom. gís); दिव् (nom. dyaus) ; स्पृश् (nom. sprik) ; विश् (nom. विद्) ; fme (nom. fmx); ¿e (nom. Ya); fqq☎ (nom. pipak). There are also one or two other nouns derived from roots falling under this class; as, thirsty' (nom. तृष्णक्); ऋत्विज् ' priest' (nom. ऋत्विक्); असृज् n. 'blood' (nom. असृक्) ; and a few substantives formed by prefixing prepositions to roots; as, afЯy f. 'fuel' (nom. AfЯ7), from the root to kindle' (see 43 and 75, with note).

A few roots standing by themselves as substantives may fall under this class: thus, Ţ f. ‘battle' (nom. ); f. 'hunger' (nom. ;f.speech' (nom. ), from vach, 'to speak,' the medial a being lengthened. Greek and Latin use a few monosyllabic roots in the same manner; as, o (ó), pλ65 (pλoy), &c.; and Latin vox (voc), lex (leg), dux (duc).

CHAPTER IV.

DECLENSION; OR INFLECTION OF THE BASE OF NOUNS, SUBSTANTIVE AND ADJECTIVE.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

88. HAVING explained how the base of nouns is generally formed, we have now to shew how it is inflected.

As, in the last chapter, nouns, substantive and adjective, were arranged under eight classes, according to the final of their bases

(the first four classes comprising those ending in vowels, the last four those ending in consonants), so it will be the object of the present chapter to exhibit their declension or inflection under the same eight classes. Moreover, as every class comprised adjectives as well as substantives, so it is intended that the declension of a masculine, feminine, and neuter substantive, exhibited under each, shall serve as the model for the declension of masculine, feminine, and neuter adjectives coming under the same class.

89. The learner will have already gathered that the noun has three genders, and that the gender is, in many cases, determinable from the termination of the base. Thus, all bases in á, í, and those formed with the affix ti (No. 81. V), are feminine: nearly all nouns whose crudes end in ana, twa, ya, tra (see under 80), as, is, us (86), and man (85. II), are neuter; all in iman (85. IV) are masculine ; but those in a, i, u, and ri, are not reducible to rule. The nominative case is, however, in the first of these instances a guide to the gender; as, devas, a deity,' is masculine; but dánam, a gift,' neuter. And in other cases the meaning of the word; as, pitṛi, a father,' is masculine; and mátṛi, a mother,' feminine.

90. In Sanskrit, all the relations between the words in a sentence are expressed by inflections. A great many prepositions exist in the language, but they are rarely used alone in government with any case, their chief use being as prefixes to verbs and nouns. The dearth of such useful syntactical auxiliaries leads to the necessity for eight cases, which are regularly built upon the base. These are called, 1. nominative; 2. accusative; 3. instrumental; 4. dative; 5. ablative; 6. genitive; 7. locative; 8. vocative*. Of these, the third and seventh are new to the classical student. The instrumental denotes generally the instrument by which a thing is done; as, tena kṛitam, done by him.' The locative generally refers to the place or time in which any thing is done; as, Ayodhyáyám, ́ in Ayodhyά;' púrvakále, in former time;' bhúmau, on the ground †.’ Hence it follows that the ablative is restricted to the sense from,

6

* These cases will sometimes be denoted by their initial letters. Thus N. will denote nominative; I., instrumental.

† Both these cases are used to denote various other relations. See the Chapter on Syntax.

and cannot be used, as in Latin and Greek, to express by, with, in, at, on, &c.

91. According to the Indian system of teaching, each of these eight cases has three numbers, singular, dual, and plural; and to each belongs a termination which is considered to be peculiarly its own, serving alike for masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns. Again, according to the native system, some of the terminations may be combined with memorial letters to aid pronunciation or assist the memory. Thus the proper termination of the nominative singular is 8 (expressible by Visarga before k, p, and the sibilants, or at the end of a sentence, see 63); but the memorial termination issu, the letter u being only memorial. Similarly, the termination of the nominative plural is jas, the j being memorial. The two schemes of termination, with and without the memorial letters, are here exhibited. The first is given in small type, as being of no importance excepting as subservient to the second.

Terminations with memorial letters.

92. Observe-The vocative is not given in the above general scheme, as it is held to be only another aspect of the nominative, and always coincides with the nom. in the dual and plural. In the singular it is often identical with the base, and has no termination.