of नी, with परि; उपाविशं, 1st pret of विश्, with उप; अन्वतिष्ठं, 1st pret. of स्था, with अनु; प्रतिजघान, 2d pret. of हन्, with प्रति; प्रोज्जहार, 2d pret. of, with and उत्.

786. Grammarians restrict certain roots to particular voices, when in combination with particular prepositions; as, for example, the root f'to conquer,' with fa, and the root fato enter,' with fa, are restricted to the Atmane-pada; but no certain rules can be propounded on this subject: and in the two epic poems especially the choice of voice seems generally arbitrary and subservient to the purposes of metre *.

Compound Verbs formed by combining Adverbs with the roots ☛ kṛi and ↳ bhú.

787. These are of two kinds; 1st, those formed by combining adverbs with 'to make' and 'to become;' 2dly, those formed by combining nouns used adverbially with these roots.

कृ

a. Examples of the first kind are, to adorn;' make manifest' (see 72); af to eject;

'to follow ;' fato deprive

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facto

to place in front,'

to entertain as a guest;'

नमस्कृ ' to revere ;' साक्षाहू, प्रादुर्भू, 'to become manifest,' &c.

788. In forming the second kind, the final of a crude word, being

a or á, is changed to í; as, from, to make ready,' सज्जीभू ' to become ready ;' from कृष्ण, कृष्णीकृ ' to blacken; from परिखा 'a ditch,' परिखीकृ ' to convert into a ditch :' and sometimes a becomes á; as, fur from f. A final i or u is lengthened ; as, from शुचि, शुचीभू 'to become pure ;' from लघु, लघूकृ 'to lighten.’ A final ri is changed to ri; as, from, to become a mother.' A final as becomes either í (as, from y, guany ‘to be of good mind') or así (as, from fat, foto place on the head').

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a. But the greater number of compounds of this kind are formed from crude nouns in a. The following are other examples: to esteem as a straw;' स्तभ्भीकृ ‘to stiffen;’ एकचित्तीभू' to fix the mind on one object;' स्वीकृ 'to make one's own,'' to claim as one's own;' to become friendly.' Substantives are sometimes formed from these; as, the state of being friendly,' 'friendship."

'to beg for,' which are properly Atmane-pada Instances of passive verbs taking Parasmai On the other hand, to rejoice,' which

* Thus, to strive' and verbs, are found in the Parasmai. terminations have been given at 253.6. is properly a Parasmai-pada verb, is found in the Atmane.

b. Observe―This mode of compounding nouns and adverbs with kṛi and bhú is by Indian grammarians technically termed chwí. These compounds, however, rarely occur, excepting in the form of passive participles *; and it may be questioned whether the genius of Sanskrit favours the combination of any other part of speech but a preposition with the tenses of verbs. In Greek and Latin, on the other hand, the composition of nouns with verbs is not unusual.

789. Sometimes, placed after a crude noun, is used to form a compound verb of this kind; as, from water,' to reduce to liquid;' from These compounds, like the

washes,' (57) to reduce to ashes.'
last, are rarely found, excepting in the form of past passive participles.

SECTION III.

COMPOUND ADVERBS.

790. Compound adverbs are formed, 1st, by combining adverbs, prepositions, and adverbial prefixes, with nouns in the nom. or accus. singular neuter; 2dly, by placing adverbs, or adjectives used as adverbs, after the crude base of nouns.

a. The first kind are identical with indeclinable compounds at 760, and the greater number are formed with the adverbial preposition saha, contracted into sa; as, from anger,' tý

angrily from 'respect,' at 'respectfully;' from prostration of the limbs,' ' reverentially.'

b. The following may be taken as examples of compound adverbs formed with other prefixes: according to seniority;' over every limb;' प्रतिमासं ' every month ; यथा विधि ' according to rule;' यथाशक्ति or यावच्छ्रवर्षं ́according to one's power;' before the eyes' ( being substituted for अक्षि, see 778) ; असंशयं ' undoubtedly ;' निर्विशेषं ' without

distinction.'

'happily;'

791. Most of the adverbs at 731 may be placed after the crude base of nouns ; thus, बालकसमीपं ' near the child ;' रक्षार्थं ‘for the sake of protection ; किमर्थं 'on what account ?” शब्दोच्चारणानन्तरं ' after uttering a sound.'

792. पूछें or पूर्व्वकं or पुरःसरं ( meaning literally preceded by') is placed after crude bases to denote the manner' in which any thing is done; as, with anger.' See 777. c.

793. A kind of compound adverb, implying 'reciprocity,' is formed

become

* Generally as past passive participles; thus, adorned;' manifest;' made ready;'lightened.' The future passive participle is sometimes found so compounded; as, स्वीकरणीय ' to be agreed to '

Q q

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by doubling a noun, lengthening the final of the first word, and changing the final of the last to i; as, from a stick,' sięŃS 'mutual striking;' if share by share;' quiufclub to club ;' मुष्टीमुष्टि 'fist to fist.'

a. Something in the same doubled; thus, ei, qa,

manner,

and, another,' are

mutually,' ' together.'

b. The indeclinable participle, having begun,' is joined with W,'to-day' (), in the sense of 'from this time forward;' and with the crude bases of other words to express 'beginning from;' see 925. f is placed adverbially after words, in the same sense; as, if from birth upwards.'

CHAPTER IX.

SYNTAX.

794. SANSKRIT syntax, unlike that of Greek and Latin, offers fewer difficulties to the student than any other portion of the Grammar. Indeed, compounds prevail so abundantly in this language, that the writer who has properly expounded the subject of compound words has already more than half completed his investigation into the laws which regulate syntactical combinations. We shall endeavour, in the present chapter, to collect together all the most useful rules for the connexion and collocation of uncompounded words. Much vagueness and uncertainty, however, may be expected to attach to the rules propounded, when it is remembered that Sanskrit literature consists almost entirely of poetry, and that the laws of syntax are ever prone to yield to the necessities of metrical composition.

a. Observe-In the present chapter on Syntax, that the subject may be made as clear as possible, each word will be separated from the next, and vowels will not be allowed to coalesce, although such coalition be required by the laws of combination. When compounds are introduced into the examples, a dot, placed underneath, generally marks the division of the words.

THE ARTICLE.

795. There is no indefinite article in classical Sanskrit; but (228) and in modern Sanskrit (238) are sometimes used to supply the place of such an article; thus, f in a certain

country;

: 'a certain jackal.'

The definite article may

(220); thus, ¤ yF¤:

not unfrequently be expressed by the pronoun
may mean simply the man,' not necessarily that man.'

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CONCORD OF THE VERB WITH THE NOMINATIVE CASE.

796. The verb must agree with the nominative case in number and person; as, waifu 'I must perform.'

स ददाति ' he gives ; '

राजा मन्त्री च जग्मतुः fñas long as the moon and

a. Other examples are, त्वम् अवधेहि ' do thou attend ;' आवां ब्रूवः ‘we two say ;' कपोता ऊचु: ' the pigeons said ;' 'the king and minister went; sun remain ;' युवां चिन्तयतं ' do you two reflect ;' यूयम् आयात ' do ye come;' सज्जनाः पूज्यन्ते ‘good men are honoured;' वाति पवन: ' the wind blows;' उदयति

the moon rises;'f'the flower blossoms.'

b. Observe-The verb is usually, though not always, placed last in the sentence. 797. When a participle takes the place of the verb, it must agree with the nominative in number and gender; as, he went;' सा गता ‘she went;' नार्य्याव् उक्तवत्यौ ' the two women spoke ;' राजा हतः 'the king was killed; fafa 'the bonds were cut.'

a. Sometimes, when it is placed between two or more nominative cases, it agrees with one only; as, ay: yaifum yaa his wife and son were awakened.'

b. Very often the copula, or verb which connects the subject with the predicate, is omitted; when, if an adjective stand in the place of the verb, it will follow the rules of concord in gender and number; as, wealth is difficult of

attainment;' आवां कृताहारौ ' we two have finished eating.' But if a substantive stand in the place of the verb, no concord of gender or number need take place; .as, सम्पदः पदम् आपदां ' successes are the road to misfortunes.’

CONCORD OF THE ADJECTIVE WITH THE SUBSTANTIVE.

798. An adjective, participle, or adjective pronoun, qualifying a substantive, when not compounded with it, must agree with the substantive in gender, number, and case; as, : : 'a good man;' महद् दुःखं ' great pain ;' एतेषु पूर्वोक्त्रेषु राष्ट्रेषु ' in these beforementioned countries; if faarf three friends.'

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CONCORD OF THE RELATIVE WITH THE ANTECEDENT.

799. The relative must agree with the antecedent noun in gender, number, and person; but in Sanskrit the relative pronoun generally precedes the noun to which it refers, this noun being put in the same case with the relative, and the pronoun follows in the latter clause of the sentence ; as, यस्य नरस्य बुद्धि: स बलवान् ' of whatever man there is intellect, he is strong.'

a. The noun referred to by the relative may also be joined with, as y बुद्धिः स नरो बलवान् ; or may be omitted altogether, as यत् प्रतिज्ञातं तत् पालय — what you have promised, that abide by ;' येषाम् अपत्यानि खादितानि तैः (पक्षिभिः understood) by those (birds) whose young ones were devoured an inquiry was set on foot ;' यः सर्वान् विषयान् प्राप्नुयाद् यश्च एतान् उपेक्षते तयोर् विषयापेक्षकः श्रेयान् ‘he who would obtain all objects of sense, and he who despises them, of the two the despiser is the best.'

800. The relative sometimes stands alone, an antecedent noun or pronoun being understood, from which it takes its gender and number; as, a gwaną (nend पुण्यवान् (तस्मात् understood) 4 frau : 'there is not a happier (than that man) of whom there is conversation with a friend ;' धनेन किं यो न ददाति ' What is the use of wealth (to him) who does not give?'

a. Sometimes, though rarely, the antecedent noun precedes the relative in the natural order; as, न सा भाय्या यस्यां भती न तुष्यति ' she is not a wife in whom the husband does not take pleasure.'

801. तावत् and यावत् stand to each other in the relation of demonstrative and relative; as, यावन्ति तस्य द्वीपस्य वस्तूनि तावन्ति अस्माकम् उपनेतव्यानि ' as many products as belong to that island, so many are to be brought to us.' See also 876. a. Similarly, तादृश and यादृश; as, यादृशं वृत्तं तादृशं तस्मै कथितवन्त: ' as the event occurred, so they related it to him.'

SYNTAX OF SUBSTANTIVES.

802. Under this head it is proposed to explain the construction of substantives, without reference to their connexion with particular adjectives, verbs, or participles; and for this purpose it will be desirable to exhibit examples under each case.

Nominative case.

803. A substantive simply and absolutely expressed must be placed in the nominative case; as, fe: the Hitopadeśa;' भट्टिकाव्यं the poem of Bhatti.’

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a. Two nominative cases in different numbers may be placed in apposition to each other; as, तृणानि शय्या' grass as a bed.’

Accusative case.

804. Substantives are not found in the accusative, unconnected with verbs or participles, except as expressing duration of time' or space.' See 821.

Instrumental case.

805. This case yields a variety of senses. The most usual is that of the instrument' or 'means' by which any thing is done; as,