Second future, ‘I will or shall be frequently,' &c.

708. Root हन् ‘to kill (318,654). Parasmai form of Frequentative. Pres. जङ्घन्मि or जङ्घनीमि, जसि or जङ्घनीषि, जङ्घन्ति or जङ्घनीति ; जङ्घन्वस्, जवथस्, जङ्घतस्; जङ्घन्मस्, जङ्घथ, जङ्गनति or जंगति. Pot जङ्घन्यां, &c. Imp. जङ्घनानि, जंघहि, जङ्घन्तु or जङ्घनीतु; जङ्घनाव, जङ्घतं, तां; जङ्घनाम, जङ्घत, जङ्घनतु or जंप्रतु. Ist Pret अजङ्घनं, अजङ्घन् or अजङ्घनीस्, अजङ्घन् or अजङ्घनीत्; अजङ्घन्व, अजङ्घतं, तां; अजङ्घन्म, अजङ्घत, अजङ्घनुस् or अजंनुस्. 2d Pret. जङ्घनाम्नभूव or जङ्घनाञ्चकार, &c. &c.

709. Root गम् ‘to go ' ( 602, 270 ). Parasmai form of Frequentative. Pres. जङ्गन्मि or जङ्गमीमि, जङ्गंसि or जङ्गमीषि, जङ्गन्ति or जङ्गमीति ; जङ्गन्वस्, जङ्गथस्, जङ्गतस्; जङ्गन्मस्, जङ्गथ, जङ्गमति or जंग्मति. Pot जङ्गम्यां, &c. Imp. जङ्गमानि जङ्गहि, जङ्गन्तु or जङ्गमीतु; जङ्गमाव, जङ्गतं, जङ्गतां; जङ्गमाम, जङ्गत, जङ्गमतु or जंग्मतु. 1st Pret अजङ्गमं, अजङ्गन् or अजङ्गमीस्, अजङ्गन् or अजङ्गमीत्; अजङ्गन्व, अजङ्गतं, -तां; अजङ्गन्म, अजङ्गत, अजङ्गमुस् or अजंग्मुस्. 2d Pret. जङ्गमान्नभूव or जङ्गमाच्चकार, &c. &c.

,

710. Root क्षिप् 'to throw ' ( 635 ). Parasmai form of Frequentative. Pres. पेक्षेणि or चेक्षिपीमि, चेक्षेप्सि or चेक्षिपीषि, चेक्षेनि or बेक्षिपीति ;

चेक्षिष्वस्, चेक्षिप्यत्, चेक्षिमस्; चेक्षिप्मस्, बेक्षिष्य, चेक्षिपति. Pot. चेक्षिष्यां, &c. Imp. चेक्षेपाणि, चेक्षिभि, चेक्षेनु or चेक्षिपीतु; चेक्षेपाव, चेक्षितं, मां ; चेक्षेपाम, चेक्षिम, चेक्षिपतु. 1st Pret अपेक्षेपं, अचेक्षेप् or अचेक्षिपीस्, अचेक्षेप् or अचेक्षिपीत्; अचेक्षिप्व, अपेक्षितं, मां; अचेक्षिम्म, अचेक्षिम, अचेक्षिपुस्. 2d Pret. चेक्षिपान्नभूव or चेक्षिपाचकार, &c. &c.

711. Root ग्रड् ‘to take' (699, 359). Parasmai form of Frequentative. Pres. जाग्रaि or जाग्रहीमि, जाग्रक्षि ( 306. a) or जाग्रहीषि, जाग्रादि (305. a) or जाग्रहीति ; जागृहस्, जागृढस्, जागृढस् ; जागृयस्, जागृढ, जागृहति. Pot. जागृयां. Imp. जाग्रहाणि, जागृति, जाग्रादु or जाग्रहीतु; जाग्रहाव, जागृढं, -ढां; जाग्रहाम, जागृढ, जागृहतु. 1st Pret. अजाग्रहं, अजाघ्रट् (292. a, 43. c) or अजाग्रहीस्, अजाग्रट् or वजाग्रहीत्; अजागृह, अजागृढं ढां; अजागृय, अजागृढ, अजागर्हुस् (330), &c.

CHAPTER VII.

INDECLINABLE WORDS.

ADVERBS.

712. ADVERBs, like nouns and verbs, may be divided into simple and compound. The latter are treated of in the next Chapter on Compound Words.

Simple adverbs may be classed under four heads; 1st, as formed from the cases of nouns; 2dly, adverbs of less obvious derivation; 3dly, adverbial affixes ; 4thly, adverbial prefixes.

Adverbs formed from the Cases of Nouns.

The following cases of nouns are used adverbially:
713. The nominative or accusative neuter of any adjective.

As, सत्यं ‘truly;’ बहु' much ;' शीघ्रं, क्षिप्रं, 'quickly ;' युक्तं 'fitly ;' समीपं 'near ; ' लघु ‘lightly ;' निर्भरं, अत्यन्तं, गाढं, भृशं, 'exceedingly ;' अवश्यं ' certainly ;' नित्यं : constantly ;' चिरं ‘for a long while;' बलवत् ' strongly ;' भूयस् ‘again,’ ‘repeatedly' (194); केवलं ' only,' ‘merely.’

a. The nom. or acc. neuter of certain pronouns; as, तत् ‘therefore,' ‘then ;' यत् ‘wherefore,’ ‘when ;' तावत् ' so long,' 'so soon ;' यावत् ' as long as,' ' as soon as ;' किम् — why?’

b. The nom. or acc. neuter of certain substantives and obsolete words; as, रहस्‘secretly;’ कामं 'willingly ;' स्वयं ' of one's own accord,’' of one's self,’ ‘spon

taneously;'

ago;' सुखं ‘pleasantly ;' साम्प्रतं 'now;' नक्तं ' by night' (noctu).

714. The instrumental case of nouns and pronouns.

As, धर्मेण ‘virtuously ;' दक्षिणेन 'southwards' or 'to the right;' उत्तरेण ‘northwards;’ व्यतिरेकेण — without;' उच्चैस् 'above;' नीचैस् ' below;' शनैस् ‘slowly ;’ therefore; wherefore.' The instr. case of certain obsolete nouns; as, चिरेण ' for a long time;' अचिरेण ' in a short time;' दिवा 'by day ;' दिष्ट्या 'fortunately;' EI, WT,'quickly;' ' now.'

715. The ablative case of nouns and pronouns.

As, बलात् ‘forcibly ;' हर्षात् 'joyfully ;' दूरात् 'at a distance;' तस्मात् 'therefore;’ कस्मात् ‘wherefore ?' अकस्मात् 'without cause,' 'unexpectedly;' उत्तरात् 'from the north:' and of a few obsolete nouns; as, for a long time;' qwid 'afterwards;' run at that instant.’

716. The locative case of a few nouns and obsolete words.

As, रात्रौ 'at night;' दूरे ' far off ;' प्रभाते ' in the morning ;' प्राह्णे ‘in the forenoon;' स्थाने 'suitably ;' अग्रे 'in front ;' एकपदे 'at once ;' सपदि 'instantly ;' अन्तरे ‘within.’

Adverbs of less obvious Derivation.

717. Of affirmation.—qi, ag, fam, z, 'indeed;' f'even.'

a. Of negation.—, a, afe, 'not.',, are prohibitive; as, JE, ff, do not.' See 889.

b. Of interrogation.—किम्, किन्नु, कच्चित्, नु, ननु, किमुह, 'whether ?”

c. Of comparison.

'like;' TA, CA,‘so;' fan 'how much rather;'

तथैव (तथा + एव) ‘in like manner.’

d. Of quantity. — अतीव ' exceedingly ;' ईषत् 'a little;' सकृत् ' once ;' असकृत्, पुन: पुनर्, मुहुस्, ‘repeatedly.’

e. Of manner. - इति, एवं, ' so 'thus ;' पुनर् 'again;' प्रायस् 'for the most part;' नाना ‘variously ;' पृथक् 'separately ;' मिथ्या 'falsely ;' वृथा, मुधा, 'in vain;' ́enough;' ff, w (cf. wkús), 'quickly;' quf ́silently;' fureciprocally,' 'together.'

f. Of time.-to-day,' 'now;'

rat, afa, now;' aqraf, af, 'then;' पुरा‘formerly ;' पुरस्, पुरस्तात्, प्राक्, ‘before ;' युगपत् 'at once ;' सद्यस्‘instantly;’ प्रेत्य ' after death ;' परं ' afterwards;' जातु 'ever;' न जातु 'never;' चन्येद्युस्,

, another day,' ' next day.'

g. Of place.—here;' where?' afwithout.'

h. Of doubt.-fafan, fun, perhaps.'

Adverbial Affixes.

718. चित् chit, अपि api, and चन chana, may form indefinite adverbs of time and place, when affixed to interrogative adverbs.

As, from कदा ‘when?' कदाचित् कदापि, and कदाचन, 'sometimes ;' from कुल and क्व ‘where?' कुत्रचित् कुत्रापि, क्वचित्, कापि, 'somewhere;' from कुतस् — whence?” कुतश्चित् and कुतश्चन 'from somewhere;' from कति ' how many?" कतिचित् 'a few;' from कर्हि 'when ?' कर्हिचित् 'at some time;' from कथं ' how?' aunfq, ayan,' somehow or other,' 'with some difficulty.' Compare 228, 230.

719. tas (changeable to : or by 63, 64) may be added to any noun, and to some pronouns, to form adverbs.

As, from यत्न, यत्नतस् 'with effort ;' from आदि, आदितस् 'from the beginning;' from (the proper base of the pronoun), thence,' 'then,' 'thereupon,' 'therefore:' similarly, whence,' 'since,' 'because;', hence,'

'hereupon.'

from me;'

from thee* ;’

a. This affix usually gives the sense of the prepositions with and from, and is often equivalent to the ablative case; as in पितृतस् ' from the father ;' शत्रुतस् ' from an enemy.'

b. But it is sometimes vaguely employed to express other relations; as, ena "behind the back;' to another place,' ' elsewhere;' in the first place;' इतस्ततस् ‘here and there,' ‘hither and thither ;' समन्ततस् ' on all sides ;' पुरतस्, अग्रतस्, ‘in front;' अभितस् 'near to ;' विभवतस् ' in pomp or state.'

720. a tra, forming adverbs of place.

As, अन ‘here;’ तत्र ‘there;' कुल 'where?' यत्र 'where;' सर्व्वत ' every where ;' अन्यत्त ‘in another place ;' एकत्र ' in one place;' बहुत 'in many places ;' समुद्र 'there,' 'in the next world.'

721. thá andtham, forming adverbs of manner.

As, ́so,' ́in like manner;'

as;'

अन्यथा ‘otherwise;’ कथं 'how ?' इत्थं 'thus.’

'in every way,' 'by all means;'

722. dá, forming adverbs of time from pronouns, &c.

As, तदा ‘then;’ यदा 'when ;' कदा 'when?' एकदा 'once ;' नित्यदा 'constantly ;' सर्व्वदा, सदा, 'always.'

723. dhá, forming adverbs of distribution from numerals.

'in a

As, in one way;' f'in two ways;' 'in six ways;' hundred ways;’ सहस्रधा ' in a thousand ways ;' बहुधा or अनेकधा 'in many ways.'

* In fact, these are the forms generally used for the ablative case of the personal pronouns, the proper ablative cases 4,, being rarely used, except as substitutes for the crude base, in compound words.

724.

vat may be added to any noun to form adverbs of comparison or similitude.

sun;'

As, from सूर्य्य, सूर्य्यवत् ' like the sun ;' from पूर्व, पूर्वषत् 'as before.' It may be used in connexion with a word in the accusative case. See 918.

6

a. This affix sometimes expresses according to;' as, fafre according to rule;' प्रयोजनवत् ‘according to need.’

As, बहुशस् ‘abundantly ;' अल्पशस् 'in small quantities;' एक्शस् 'singly ;' शतसहस्रशस् ‘by hundreds and thousands;' क्रमशस् ' by degrees.'

Adverbial Prefixes.

726. a, prefixed to nouns and even to participles with a privative or negative force, corresponding to the Greek a, the Latin in, and the English ‘in,' 'im,' ' un ; as, from possible,' a

impossible; from touching' (pres. part.), an 'not touching;' from having done' (indecl. part.), qrı ́not having done.' When a word begins with a vowel, wis euphonically substituted; as, end; endless.' 6

a. fa ati, 'excessively,' ' very; as,

'very great.'

'somewhat

c. ká orku, prefixed to words to imply disparagement;' as, कापुरुष ‘ a coward; कुरूप 'deformed. '

d.

दुर् dur, prefixed to imply badly' or 'with difficulty; as, badly done' (see 72);

'not easily broken.' It is opposed

to, and corresponds to the Greek duo.

e. farnir and fa vi are prefixed to nouns like a with a privative or negative sense; as, f'powerless;' f' without fruiť (see 72); fagna unarmed: but not to participles.

f. su, prefixed to imply 'well,'' easily; as, 'well done;' सुभेद्य ' easily broken.' In this sense it is opposed to, and corresponds to the Greek ev. It is also used for fa, to imply very,' 6 excessively; as, very great.'

CONJUNCTIONS.
Copulative.

727. cha, and,'' also,' corresponding to the Latin que and not to et. It can never, therefore, stand as the first word in a sentence, but follows the word of which it is the copulative.