OF THE INDIAN METHOD OF WRITING.

26. According to Hindú grammarians every syllable ought to end in a vowel, and every final consonant ought to be attracted to the beginning of the next syllable; so that where a word ends in a consonant, that consonant ought to be pronounced with the initial letter of the next word. Hence in some Sanskrit MSS. all the syllables are separated by slight spaces, and in others all the words are joined together without any separation. Thus the two words आसीद् राजा ásid rájá would in some books be written आसीद्रा जा and in others r. In Sanskrit works printed in Europe, the common practice is to separate only those words the final or initial letter of which are not acted on by the rules of combination. In such books ásíd rájá would be written together,, because the final is the result of an euphonic change from 7, caused by the following r. There seems, however, but little reason for considering the mere spaces left between the words of a sentence to be incompatible with the operation of euphonic laws; especially as the absence of such spaces must always cause more or less impediment even to the fluent reader. Therefore in many books recently printed in Europe, every uncompounded word capable of separation by the use of the Viráma is separated. Thus pitur dhanam ádadáti is written पितुर् धनम् आददाति, and not पितुर्धनमाददाति. The only cases in which separation is undesirable, are where the final vowel of one word blends with the initial vowel of the next into one long similar or dissimilar vowel, and where final u and i are changed into their corresponding semivowels v and y.

द

The following words and passages in the Sanskrit and English character, are given that the Student, before proceeding further in the Grammar, may exercise himself in reading the letters and in

word follows beginning with an udátta, then that syllable and all preceding syllables in the same word receive the anudáttatara mark, and the figure 3 is inserted to carry the swarita, having also the anudáttatara mark beneath; thus d. If the syllable bearing the independent swarita be short, then the figure 9 carries the swarita, with an anudáttatara under it; thus 977.

* Unless it end in Anuswára or Visarga h, which in theory are the only consonantal sounds allowed to close a syllable. That Anuswára is not a full consonant is proved by the fact that it does not impede the operation of rule 70.

transliteration; that is to say, in turning Sanskrit letters into the English equivalents, and vice versa.

To be turned into English letters.

अक, अज, अश, आस, आप, इल, इष, ईड, ईर, उख, उच, ऊह, ऋण, ऋज, एध, ओख, कण, कित, कुमार, क्षम, क्षिप, शुध, क्षै, क्लप, खन, खिद, गाह, गुज, गृध, गृ, घृण, घुष, चकास, चक्ष, चित, छिद, छो, जीवा, झष, टीका, ठः, डीनं, ढौक, णिद, तापः, तडागः, दया, दमकः, दशरथः, दुरालापः, देव, धूपिका, धृतः, नटः, नील, नेम, परिदानं, पुरुषस्, पौरः, पौरुषेयी, पुरोडाशः, बहुः, बालकस्, भोगः, भोजनं, मुखं, मृगः, मेदस्, मेदिनी, यकृत्, योगः, रेणु, रेचक, रै, रैवत, रुजा, रूपं, रुरुदिषु, लोह, वामः, वैरं, शौरः, षट्, साधुः, हेमकूटः, हेमन्.

To be turned into Sanskrit letters.

शक्,

Ada, asa, ali, ádi, ákhu, ágas, iti, ísah, íhá, udára, upanishad, uparodha, uru, úsha, rishi, eka, kakud, katu, koshah, gaura, ghata, chaitya, chet, chhalam, jetri, jhiri, tagara, damara, dhála, nama, tatas, tathā, trina, tushára, deha, daitya, dhavala, nanu, nayanam, nidánam, pitri, bhauma, bheshajam, marus, mahat, yuga, rush, ridhis, lauha, vivekas, satam, shodasan, sukhin, hridaya, tatra, adya, buddhi, arka, kratu, ansa, anka, anga, anchala, anjana, kantha, anda, anta, manda, sampurna.

The following story has the Sanskrit and English letters

interlineated.

अस्ति हस्तिनापुरे विलासो नाम रजकः । तस्य गर्द

asti hastinápure viláso náma rajakah tasya garda

भोऽतिभारवाहनाद् दुर्बलो मुमूर्षुर् अभवत् । ततस् तेन

bho 'tibháraváhanád durbalo mumúrshur abhavat tatas tena

D

रजकेनासौ व्याघ्रचर्मणा प्रछाद्यारण्यसमीपे शस्यक्षेत्रे

rajakenásau vyághracharmaṇá prachhádyáranyasamípe śasyakshetre

मोचितः । ततो दूराद् अवलोक्य व्याघ्रबुड्या क्षेत्रप

mochitah

tato dúrád avalokya vyághrabuddhyá kshetrapa

तयः सत्वरं पलायन्ते । अथ केनापि शस्यरक्षकेण धूसर tayah satwaram paláyante atha kenápi basyarakshakena dhúsara

कम्बलकृततनुत्राणेन धनुः काराडं सज्जीकृत्यावनतकायेन

kambalakṛitatanutráṇena dhanuhkáṇḍam

sajjíkṛityávanatakáyena

एकान्ते स्थितं । ततस् तं च दूरे दृष्ट्वा गर्दभः पुष्टाङ्गो

ekánte sthitam tatas tam cha dúre drishtwá gardabhah pushțán-go

गर्दभीयमिति मत्वा शब्दं कुर्वाणम् तदभिमुखं धावितः ।

gardabhiyamiti matwá sabdam kurváņas tadabhimukham dhávitah

ततस् तेन शस्यरक्षकेण गर्दभोऽयमिति ज्ञात्वा लीलयैव

tatas tena sasyarakshakeņa gardabho 'yamiti jňátwá lílayaiva व्यापादितः ॥

vyápáditah.

The following story is to be turned into Sanskrit letters.

Asti śríparvatamadhye brahmapurákhyam nagaram. Tatra sailasikhare ghantákarņo náma rákshasah prativasatíti janapravádah śrúyate. Ekadá ghaṇṭám ádáya paláyamánah kaśchich chauro vyághreṇa vyápáditah. Tatpáṇipatitá ghanțá vánaraih práptá. Te vánarás tám ghanțám anukshanam vádayanti. Tato nagarajanair manushyah khádito drishtah pratikshanam ghanțárávaścha śrúyate. Anantaram ghantákarnah kupito manushyán khádati ghaṇṭám cha vádayati ityuktwá janáh sarve nagarát paláyitáh. Tatah karálayá náma kuṭṭinyá vimṛiśya markaṭá ghaṇṭám vádayanti swayam vijňáya rájá vijňápitah. Deva yadi kiyaddhanopakshayah kṛiyate tadáham enam ghaṇṭákarṇam sádhayámi. Tato rájná tushtena tasyai dhanam dattam. Kuṭṭinyá cha mandalam kritwá tatra gaṇeśádigauravam darśayitwá swayam vánarapriyaphalányádáya vanam praviśya phalányákírnáni. Tato ghantam parityajya vánaráh phalásaktá babhúvuh. Kuttini cha ghantam grihitwá nagaram ágatá sakalalokapújyá 'bhavat.

Observe, that m at the end of a word may most conveniently be transliterated

by the symbol Anuswára, and vice versa; thus, brahmapurákhyam nagaram agent. Strictly, however, the first of these Anuswáras, being influenced by the following n, is equivalent in sound to n, and the two words might have been written brahmapurákhyan nagaram augue. Similarly, pratikshaṇam नगरं. before ghantárávas is written प्रतिक्षणं, though equivalent in sound to प्रतिक्षण, in consequence of the following .

CHAPTER II.

SANDHI OR EUPHONIC COMBINATION OF LETTERS.

WE are accustomed in Greek and Latin to certain euphonic changes of letters. Thus rego makes, in the perfect, not regsi, but reksi (rexi), the soft g being changed to the hard k before the hard s. Similarly, veho becomes veksi (vexi). In words a final consomany nant assimilates with an initial; thus σvv with yvwun becomes συγγνώμη; ἐν with λάμπω, ἐλλάμπω. Suppressus is written for subpressus; appellatus for adpellatus; immensus for inmensus; affinitas for adfinitas; colloquium for conloquium; irrogo for inrogo. These laws for the euphonic junction of letters are applied throughout the whole range of Sanskrit grammar; and that, too, not only in uniting different parts of one word, but in combining words in the same sentence. Thus, if the sentence "Rara avis in terris” were Sanskrit, it would require, by the laws of Sandhi or combination, to be written Rarávir ins terrih; and might even be joined together thus, Rarávirinsterrih. The learner must not be discouraged if he is unable to understand all the laws of combination at first. He is recommended, after reading those that are printed in large type, to pass at once to the declension of nouns and conjugation of verbs. To attempt to commit to memory a number of rules, the use of which is not fully seen till he comes to read and construct sentences, must only lead to a loss of time and patience.

SECT. I.-CHANGES OF VOWELS.

27. Nevertheless, there are some changes of letters which come into immediate application in the formation and declension of nouns, and the conjugation of verbs; and amongst these, the changes of vowels called Guna and Vriddhi should be impressed on the memory,

before another step is taken in the study of the Grammar. When the vowels and í are changed to e, this is called the Guņa change, or qualification; when i and í are changed to ai, this is called the Vriddhi change, or increase*. Similarly, u and ú are often changed to their Guna to, and Vriddhit au; ri and rí to their Guņa ar, and Vriddhi ár; anda, though it have no corresponding Guna change, has a Vriddhi substitute in * ά.

28. Let the student, therefore, never forget the following rules. There is no Guņa substitute for a, but á is the Vṛiddhi substitute for a;e is the Guna, and ai the Vriddhi, for i and

Moreover, ai is the Vriddhi of the Gunae,

Vriddhi of the Guna सो 0.

a. Observe-It will be convenient in describing the change of a vowel to its Guņa substitute, to speak of that vowel as gunated; and in the case of the Vriddhi change, to speak of it as vriddhied.

b. In the conjugation of verbs the vowels of roots cannot be gunated or vriddhied, if they are followed by double consonants, i. e. if they are long by position; nor can a vowel long by nature be so changed, unless it be final. The vowela is of course incapable of Guna.

29. Again, let him bear in mind that the Guņa sounds e, o, सो andar, are diphthongal, that is, composed of two simple vowel sounds. Thus, e is made up of a and Tu; war of a and ri; so that a final

coalesce with an initial

with an initial ☛ri into

i;

o of a and

a will naturally

u into o;

a. Similarly, the Vṛiddhi diphthongai is made up of á and i; Hence, a with e will blend into ai (for

andau of á and u.

e=a+i and a+a+i will equal á+i or ai). blend with o into аи. Compare 18. c.

Similarly, a will

b. Since the sound ai is composed of á and i, it may be asked, How is it that long á as well as short a blends with i into e (see 32), and not into ai? In answer to this, Professor Bopp (Comparative Grammar, p. 2) maintains that a long vowel

*

guna in Sanskrit means 'quality,' and qf vriddhi, 'increase.' It will be convenient to Anglicise these words, and write Guna, Vriddhi.