In

nants.

9,

तां चन्तु 2, 7,5,8, 9. तां

चतु 3.

चाचां 2,3,7,5,8,9.

1, 4, 6, 10. J न्तां 1, 4, 6, 10 ani 2,3,7,5,8,9. lani 2,3,7,5,

ána is substituted for the hi of the 2d sing. after roots ending in conso

A form

tát (cf. Latin to, Greek Tw) may be substituted for hi and tu, and even for ta, to imply benediction, chiefly used in the Vedas.

First preterite (requiring the augment a).

qui 1, 4, 6, 10.

{

ध्वं

initial i from

reject it also

* Only eight roots, viz. श्रु, स्तु, द्रु, खु, कृ, भृ, सृ, वृ, reject the the terminations marked with *; and of these eight all but and in the 2d sing. The termination in the 2d plural, Atmane-pada, is especially applicable to roots ending in vowels, but is admissible for all others.

Many roots prefix i to the terminations of the above tense throughout: thus,

Many roots prefix i to the terminations of the above tense throughout: thus, 1. इष्यामि ishyámi, 2. इष्यसि ishyasi, &c.

The same terminations with i prefixed, excepting in 2d and 3d sing., where

FORM II.-Terminations resembling those of 1st preterite.

Many roots prefix i to the Atmane, but not to the Parasmai, of the above tense:

thus, 1. इषीय isháya, 2. इषीष्ठास् ishishthás, &c.

Many roots prefix i to the terminations of the above tense throughout: thus, 1. इष्पं ishyam, 2. इष्पस् ishyas, &c.

a. As an aid in committing the above terminations to memory, observe that the letter m generally enters into the 1st sing. Parasmai; s into the 2d sing. Parasmai and Atmane; and t into the 3d sing. du. and pl. Parasmai and Atmane of all the tenses. Moreover, that the letter v occurs in the 1st dual, m in the 1st plural of all the tenses, and dhw in every 2d plural Atmane-pada. In the potential and Ist preterite Atmane, and in the 2d preterite Parasmai, th is admitted, instead of s, into the 2d sing.; and in the 2d pl. of the last tense, th has been dropped, owing to the influence of the heavy reduplication. For the same reason the t is dropped in the 3d sing. of the 2d pret. Observe also-When the 1st dual Parasmai is vas, the 2d and 3d end in as, and the 1st plural is mas. When the 1st dual Parasmai is va, the 2d and 3d end in tam, tám, and the 1st plural in ma. When the 1st dual Atmane is vahe, the 1st plural is mahe, and the last letter of the remaining terminations is generally e. When the 1st dual Atmane is vahi, the 2d and 3d end in ám; the 1st plural is mahi, and the 2d plural is dhwam. Note also-The terminations of the 2d future resemble those of the present, with sya prefixed. Those of the 1st future also resemble the present, with tá or tás prefixed. Those of the conditional resemble the 1st preterite, with sya prefixed. Those of the 3d preterite also resemble the 1st preterite, with s prefixed. Those of the benedictive resemble the potential, with s. inserted in most of the Parasmai; and with s both inserted and prefixed in some of the Atmane.

b. The frequent occurrence of m in the 1st sing., of s in the 2d, of t in the 3d, of mas and ma in the 1st pl., of ta in the 2d pl., and of ant in the 3d pl., suggests a comparison with the Greek and Latin verb. We may remark, that m, the characteristic of the 1st person sing., is suppressed in the present tense active of all Greek verbs excepting those in μ (asmi = éμμí, dadámi = didwμs), and also δίδωμι), in Latin verbs (except sum and inquam); but w and o answer to the Sanskrit á of bharámi = pépw, fero. In the Greek middle and passive, the μ, which originally belonged to all active verbs, appears in ua; while the Sanskrit, on the other

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hand, here suppresses the m, and contracts a i into e (see 32); bhare (for bhara-me for bhara-mai) pépoμa. Greek has in the 1st sing. optative or potential; and in verbs in , takes the place of the mute m of Sanskrit and Latin: thus, bhareyam=pépoui, feram; dadyám = didcíny, dem; tishṭheyamiotaíny, stem. In the 1st preterite or imperfect, Greek has for the Sanskrit and Latin mute m; atarpam=eτeρπov, adadám=èdidwy, astṛinavaméoτópvvv, avaham = vehebam. In the first Greek aorist, m is suppressed, so that Sanskrit adiksham (3d pret.) = edea; but not in the 2d aorist, so that adám-edwv. In the 2d preterite the Sanskrit a Greek a, tutopa TéTupa. In the Greek middle and passive futures, m is retained, but not in the active; dásyámi=dwow, dekshyámi=deíkow, dásyedwooμai. As to the 1st person plural, the Sanskrit mas of the pres. is μev (for μes) in Greek, and mus in Latin; tarpá-mas=тépπo-μev; sarpá-mas= epo-μev, serpi-mus; dad-mas= ἕρπο-μεν, δίδομεν, da-mus; tishtha-mas = ἵστα-μεν, sta-mus. The Atmane-pada mahe answers to the Greek μela; dad-mahe = διδό μela. As to the other tenses, in the potential 1st pl. bhare-ma=pépos-μes (-μev), fera-mus; dadyáma=didoinues (-μev), demus; dadí-mahi=didoí-μeba. In the Ist preterite Ist pl. abhará-ma = épépo-μev, fereba-mus; avahá-ma = veheba-mus; adad-ma-édido-μev; abhará-mahi=èpepóμela. In the 2d future, dásyá-mas= dwoo-μev, dekshyá-mas=deíkσo-μev. In the 2d pers. sing. active, the characteristic s has been preserved in all three languages: thus, in the present, the Sanskrit asi= kool, es; dadá-si = didws, das; bhara-si=pépeis, fers; vahasi = vehis. In the Atmane, the Sanskrit se (for sai, by 32) answers exactly to the Greek σas of verbs in μu (tishṭha-se=σta-σa). In other Greek verbs, s has been rejected, and και contracted into y, something in the way of Sanskrit (τύπτη for τύπτε-σαι). In the 2d dual, thas=Greek Tov, and in the 2d plur. tha=TE and tis; bhara-thas =pépe-Toy; tishtha-thalσTa-TE, statis; bhara-tha=pépe-Te, fer-tis. In the φέρε τον 2d pl. Atmane, bhara-dhwe = pépeσe. As to the other tenses, in the 2d sing. potential, tishthes = iotaíns, stes; dadyás=didoíns, des; vahes=vehas; bhares =pépois, feras: in 2d du. bhare-tam = pépos-Tov: in 2d pl. tishtheta = iotaínte, stetis; dadyáta=didointe, detis; bhareta = pépoite, feratis. In the 2d sing. imperative, hi and dhi answer to Greek . Dhi was originally universal in Sanskrit (see 291), as in Greek verbs in ; e-dhilo-01, vid-dhi lo-01, de-hi=dido-01. Many verbs drop the termination hi both in Greek and Sanskṛit; as, = pépe, and compare deíkov with chinu, &c. In the 2d du. imp. tam = Tov, and ta = Te. In the imperative Atmane, swa= the old form σ0; bhara-swa = pépe‐σo (old form of pépov); dat-swa = dído-σo; áthám = eo0ov, &c. In the 2d sing. 1st pret. atarpas eτeρπes, avahas=vehebas, &c. So also, tam Tov, adat-tam-édido-Tov, ta=TE, adat-ta=édido-Te. In the Atmane, thás is found for sás in the 2d sing. of the 1st pret., as well as of the potential; hence abhara-thás = · ἐφέρεσσο, adat-thás edido-00, dadí-thás = dido (o)o. In the 2d pret. the tha of the 2d

sing.

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Latin sti; dad-itha=dedi-sti, tasthi-tha = steti-sti, tutodi-tha = tutudi-sti. In the 3d pret. adás = édws, avákshis= veristi. In the 3d pers. sing. active, Greek has dropped the characteristic t (except in eorí= Sansk. asti, Lat. est); bharati

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þépe(T), fert; vahati = vehit. Verbs in μ have changed t to s; dadáti= didwol (for didwts). In the Atmane, bharate pépera. In the potential, bharet Þépoi, dadyát = didoin. In the imperative, bhara-tu or bhara-tát = pepé-Tw, fer-to. In the 1st pret. avahat vehebat, abharata= ἐφέρετο. In the 2d pret. tutopa TÉTUDE. In the 3d pret. avákshít=vexit, adikshata= édeíkσato. As to the 3d pl., in the above tenses, bharanti=pépovσi, ferunt; vahanti=vehunt; bharante = pépovraι; dadati=didovσi; tishṭanti=stant; bhareyus= φέροιεν; bharantu = ferunto; abharan=epepov; abharanta=épépovтo; ásan=ñσav; atarpishuseτepav; dásyante =dwσovтal. See Bopp's Comparative Grammar,

passim.

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248. The above terminations are supposed to be applicable to all verbs, whether primitive or derivative: and as in nouns, so in verbs, the theory of Indian grammarians is, that before these terminations can be affixed to roots, an inflective base must be formed out of the root. Ten different rules, therefore, are propounded for forming verbal bases out of roots in the first four tenses; while all verbs are arranged under ten classes, according as they follow one or other of these rules. In the other tenses there is only one general rule for forming the base.

These ten classes of verbs are called the ten conjugations; and the four tenses, which alone are affected by the conjugational rules (viz. the present, potential, imperative, and first preterite), are called the conjugational tenses. It is evident, however, that the ten conjugations are hardly conjugations in the classical sense of the term. They are rather ten rules for moulding and fashioning ten classes of roots into the proper form for receiving a common scheme of terminations in four of the tenses only.

249. The following is a brief summary of the ten rules for forming the base of the four conjugational tenses in the ten classes of verbs, according to the Indian arrangement of the conjugations.

1st class (1st conjugation). Gunate the vowel of the root (unless it be a or precede a double consonant, 28. b) before every termination of the four tenses, and affix the vowel

a-lengthened to á

before initial m or v-to the root thus guņated.

2d class (2d conjugation). Gunate the radical vowel (unless it be a or precede a double consonant) before those terminations only which are marked with P in the scheme at 246. Before all the other terminations the original vowel of the root must be retained.

3d class (3d conjugation). Reduplicate the initial consonant and