much knowledge of life, and of popular errors and vulgar prejudices. The author has lately directed his attention to the support of other works. 23. "The Pretender's Companion." 24. "The Periodico-Mania" undertakes to castigate the other journals, and wonders at the liberty of the press, which tolerates them all. 25. "The Contra Periodico-Mania" vindicates the journals, and their number. Independently of all these periodical publications, the press teems with answers, apologies, and explanations, relative to attacks, allusions, personalities, or errors, contained in the journals; and in competition with all these, crowds of sermons, discourses, and commentaries on the Constitution, press on the notice of the public. There is, indeed, a Censor of the Press appointed; but, at present, the office is extremely indulgent. The principal country towns also have their journals,-Barcelona, Valentia, Saragossa, Cadiz, and Corunna.

SWEDEN. The Universities of Sweden are in a very flourishing state. In the first quarter of last year the number of students at. Upsal amounted to 1197, and those of Lund to 600. The whole of the establishments of the kingdom professing to communicate classical education, contained 3485 scholars. These establishments cost the state annually about 60,000l.

DENMARK.-The royal library of Copenhagen contains between 3 and 400,000 volumes of printed works, and a prodigious number of interesting MSS. At the sale of the fine library of Count Otto Thot, amounting to 116,395 volumes, exclusive of pamphlets, manuscripts, and incunabula, the royal library obtained an accession of 50,000 volumes; and the Count, by his will, had bequeathed to it 4154 MSS., with his valuable collection of 6159 works that had been

printed before the year 1530. In 1789, the Danish government bought up the library of Luxdorf, rich in classical works and in MSS., and it was annexed to the royal library. It afterwards received valuable acquisitions at the sale of the libraries of Oeder, Holmskiold, Rottboll, Ancher, and others, in 1789, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94, and 98. In 1796, an accession was made of the immense library of Suhm, the historian. He had collected, in the course of 50 years, 100,000 volumes, which he left to the disposition of the public. A little before his death, he presented them to the royal library; it was not so large, but was a better selection and of higher value than that of Thot. In 1787, previous to these numerous acquisitions, the royal library contained a very great number of books and MSS.

GREECE. The public schools established at Smyrna and Chios had hitherto been attended with the happiest success. The great College of Chios was particularly distinguished, and students flocked to it from all parts of Greece. Its three most celebrated Professors were Bardalochos, Seleri, and Bambas. Bardalochos has published a Compendium of Experimental Philosophy, and an Essay on Greek Pronunciation, in which the modern Greek etacism is treated with more than usual leniency. Professor Seleri had nearly ready for the press a Manual of Mathematics, selected from his Lectures. Bambas, who for a long period studied mathematics, philosophy, and natural history, in Paris, was now about to publish, in the modern Greek language, an elementary book on chemistry from Thenard. His Compendium of Rhetoric has already had an extensive circulation. Some time ago, a new printing-office was established at Chios, the whole apparatus for which was brought from Paris.

German, named Byrhoffer, is at the ead of this establishment.

Chios then enjoyed perfect tranquilty; for, in consequence of an agreehent entered into with the Turks, it was overned entirely by Greek Magis rates. In the meanwhile large sums vere devoted to the maintenance of pubic institutions-a library was forming inder the superintendence of the celerated Greek scholar, Coray of Paris; hrough the liberality of private individuals, about 30,000 volumes were already collected. The College of Chios at present contains about 700 students, and their numbers are constantly augmenting. Professor Raumus was at the head of the College of Smyrna; he had published a System of Philosophy, in four volumes, modelled after the system of Professor Krug of Leipsic. The work is dedicated to Coray.

These improvements among the modern Greeks must naturally tend to render their language popular through. Eout Europe. Weigel, the bookseller of Leipsic, published an excellent Dictionary and a Modern Greek Grammar by Professor Schneider; and in England there has lately appeared a very useful little Grammar of the Modern Greek language by Dr Robertson, who is a member of the Philomusæ Society of Athens, and of the Ionian Academy. The stereotyped editions of the Greek authors published by Tauchnitz of Leipsic, are extensively circulated throughout Greece on account of their cheapness. Weigel is also engaged in preparing a corrected edition of the principal Greek prose writers and poets, which is to be pub. lished under the general title of the "Bibliotheca Græca ;" it will no doubt be eagerly sought after in Greece. Even the observations on Greek geography are gradually acquiring fresh accuracy.

The Athenian Society of the Philomusa, which was instituted by the

Vienna Congress in 1815, proposes sending four young Greeks to Italy and Germany to complete their education: the society consists of 300 members, most of whom are foreigners. According to letters from Mr Robert Pinkerton, that active agent of the British Bible Society, it appears that a Society for the Promulgation of the Gospel has been established at Athens. The Archbishop residing at Constantinople has been chosen President, and the British Consul, Logotheti, together with Mr Tirnaviti, are Vice-Presidents.

The modern Greeks speak a language resembling that of the ancients in almost every respect. But time, conquest, slavery, the barbarism of ages, have introduced some new terms, and altered the rules of syntax in certain points. The Greek inhabitants, however, understand pretty exactly all the ancient Greek, when it is spoken in the pronunciation now in use, which seems to have been that of the time of Constantine. As the two languages accord in so many points of contact, the modern Greek may be considered as a mere idiom confined to the lower classes of society, and which it would be well to remove, as far as it may be practicable, by recalling the ancient.

It is curious to observe the gradual disuse of Greek among the Greeks, produced by the change of their residence. In Greece the Turks speak only Greek; in Constantinople the Greeks speak both Greek and Turkish, but only the former to each other; in Asia Minor, along the coast, they can speak Greek when addressed in it, but talk Turkish to each other. And in the interior parts of Asia Minor, they know no other language than Turkish.

A college on a large scale was about to be founded at Zagori, in the province of Epirus. The voluntary donations for this establishment amounted

already to 60,000 francs. M. Neophytos Doucas, a learned Greek ecclesiastic, has contributed himself the sum of 10,000 francs.

The reigning prince of Wallachia, Alexander Soutzos, who is a Greek by birth, desirous of distinguishing his patriotism by actions, and especially by promoting of letters and civilization, has determined to send to the most eminent schools of Europe several young Greeks, who may there finish their studies at his expence, and then return home to give their native country the advantage of the knowledge they have acquired. A plan is also in forwardness for the establish. ment of a grand college at Adrianople. It has been patronized with zeal by Baron George Sakellarios, one of the richest Greek merchants settled in the dominions of the Emperor of Austria. The Baron is a native of Adrianople, and having opened the list by a liberal subscription, he has excited the emulation of his compatriots, to whom he has written in strong terms on the subject. The Archbishop of Adrianople, M. Proios, native of Chios, a man of great learning, and who long resided at Paris, has employed all his patriotic eloquence in behalf of this college; and a person unknown has bequeathed a landed estate valued at 1000l. By such means, in the first instance, the Greeks are endeavouring to deliver themselves from that state of degradation in which they have been so long enthralled.

TURKEY.-For some time there has been printing at Constantinople, in the patriarchal press, a grand Dictionary of the Greek language, ancient and modern, the first volume of which has already appeared. It will consist of more than six large volumes in folio. All the Archbishops and many of the Archons of the Phanal, &c. are subscribers.

RUSSIA. A collection of nearly 500

Persian, Arabic, and Turkish MSS. was added at once to the treasures ab ready possessed by the Asiatic M seum of the Petersburgh Academy They were collected in Syria, Meso potamia, and Persia, by a person ver sed in those languages, namely, M Rousseau, formerly the consul-genera of France at Aleppo, and since a Bagdad, and taken to France, where they were immediately purchased fc: Russia before any competition arose from other countries. The Asiatic Museum, which was already distin guished by its fine collection of Chinese, Japanese, Mantchou, Mongol, Kalmuck, and Tungusian writings, a well as of Oriental coins and antiqu ties, had, by this sudden and great addition of Mussulman MSS., gained in utility as much as it has acquired in higher rank among similar collections in foreign countries.

The periodical publications under the patronage and sanction of the Rus sian government were as follows: 1. The Petersburgh Journal, published by the Academy of Sciences, in the Russian and German languages, is one of the oldest journals in Russia. 2. The Moscow Journal, published by the University. 3. The Casan Journal, compiled by the professors of the University; and similar journals are published at Riga, Wilna, Charkow, Astrakan, and at other chief cities. There are also, Le Conservateur Imperial, printed in French, under the direction of the minister for foreign affairs; the Journal of the Senate, m Russian and German; the Northern Post, or New Petersburgh Journal, by the ministry for the home depart ment: it comprises news, economy, technology, manufactures, and commerce. The Russian Invalid, or Military Journal, is intrusted to a com mittee, and appears daily, containing the Emperor's orders of the day, military promotions, with intelligence, &

ell political as literary; and memoirs f the Admiralty Department, which ontains whatever is interesting to the Russian navy.

The University of Moscow was rebuilt on a better plan, and in a style of greater magnificence than before the conflagration. The Emperor, besides his other bounties, consigned the sum of 400,000 roubles for the erection of an hospital close to the University, for the purposes of a clinical school, wherein, at present, at his charge, are 200 medical students, besides others intended for the Academy of Chirurgery. The new cabinet of natural history is progressively augmenting, under the assiduous direction of Professor Fischer. During the two last years, the collection had acquired a number of minerals, conchites, and birds, with the rich herbary of Dr Trinius.

EGYPT. The Pacha sent several youths to Milan to study the Sciences and Arts of Europe, under the direction of Sig. Morosi. These young Egyptians were charged with the duty of translating the Gazette of Milan into Arabic. By this means the Pacha will have the news of Europe, as well political as literary, &c. transmitted to him, with all speed and convenience: if he would also reprint this intelligence at Cairo for the information of the Egyptian people, there is no saying how soon Egypt might regain its former eminence for letters, arts, and liberal studies, as well for commerce, : wealth, and abundance.

It appears by the news from Egypt, of the 20th of September, that the labours of the canal of Rosetta were proceeding with all imaginable activity, and it was then calculated, that the waters of the Nile might be introduced into it, by the middle of October. In Upper Egypt, some discoveries have been made of certain iron and lead mines. Mehemed Ali Pacha has sent a number of chemists and miners, to

make researches for the gold and emerald mines that have been buried for some centuries, and he has promised a very great reward to any that shall discover a coal mine in Upper Egypt.

POMPEY'S PILLAR. The inscription on the column at Alexandria, known by this name, which has long baffled the endeavours of the learned, has at length been completely deciphered. It proves that the column was dedicated to Diocletian, by Prosidius, prefect of Egypt. No tradition informs us how it gained its old appellation. The following is the true reading :

ΤΟΝ ΤΙΜΙΩΤΑΤΟΝ ΑΥΤΟΚΡΑ TOPA ΤΟΝ ΠΟΛΙΟΥΧΟΝ ΑΛΕΞ ANAPEIAC AIOKAHTIANON TON

ΑΝΙΚΗΤΟΝ ΠΟ ΙΔΙΟΣ ΕΠΑΡΧΟΣ AIrYntor.

"Posidius, Prefect of Egypt (has erected) the most honoured Emperor, the guardian deity of Alexandria, Diocletian the Invincible.”

Letters from Canton report the successful prosecution of Mr Morrison's labours, in the printing of his Chinese Dictionary. The second part was begun in April, 1811; this volume consists of a thousand printed pages, in 4to, and contains above 12,000 Chinese characters, the most in use, with numerous examples. In Feb. 1819, 600 pages, comprising near 8000 characters, were completed. The printing of all the volumes of this important work will occupy a space of hardly less than ten years.

At Sydney, in New South Wales, there are, at present, three public journals, and five other periodical publications. A second printing office has also been established lately at Port Jackson. They now export cattle to the Isle of France, and the market at Sydney is considered as plentiful in the different commodities of Europe, as well as of India and China.

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THE Regent's Canal, opened for business on the 1st of August, 1820, commences at Paddington, where it joins that branch of the Grand Junction which is called the Paddington Canal, and thus communicates with all the navigable rivers, &c. in England. From this point it proceeds in a N. E. direction, and passes, by means of a tunnel of 372 yards, under Maida-hill; then round the Regent's Park, through Camden-town (where it takes an easterly course) and Somers' town, near which it enters a second tunnel of 970 yards, and penetrates Islington-hill, burrowing below the bed of the New River. It emerges again near Bricklane, and continues nearly in the same direction through the parishes of St Leonard, Shoreditch, and St John's, Hackney, traversing in these districts the King's-land and Hackney-roads, and Cambridge-heath. Then entering the parish of Bethnal-green, it bends to the south, passing through the fields adjoining Mile-end and Stepney; and crossing both the latter places, as also the Commercial-road, it opens into a spacious dock formed at Limehouse, which completes the navigation by a direct communication with the Thames. The line of canal is nine miles, running chiefly west to east, over which are thrown thirty-six substantial brick bridges; and it descends eighty-six feet to the river by means of twelve double locks, besides a tide lock. Its average breadth is fortyeight feet, and the towing-path is twelve feet, which together occupy about eighty acres of ground; independently of the dock of six acres at Limehouse, and the City road basin.

The latter is a capital work, 100 feet wide, 1600 feet long, and with its conmodious wharfs covers twenty-fir acres. The tunnel, of more than half a mile in length, which carries the ca nal under a part of the town of Isling ton, and also beneath the New River, is seventeen feet and a half in width and nineteen and a half in height. Of the latter space, seven feet and a half are the depth of the water, and eleven feet and a half remain between the surface of the canal and the roof of the tunnel. It is passed, without any aid from towing-lines or poles, in from fifteen to seventeen minutes, and is well worth the notice of those whose laudable curiosity and desire of know. ledge have never been gratified by an opportunity of seeing so striking a proof of the powers with which science has invested the civil engineer. The Regent's Canal is one of the works for which the public are indebted to Mr Nash, by whom it was originally projected, and under whose direction it has been carried on-through a mul titude of difficulties which could have been surmounted only by great abili ty, activity, and perseverance-to its final completion. It was begun in 1813, and opened on the 1st of August last. The expence, which amounts to about 600,000l., has been exceedingly swelled by the extravagant price at which the land required has been obliged to be purchased, and by many actions which the company of subscribers were called upon during the progress of the work to defend. The average charge, as an example, for conveying manure by this canal, is tenpence per ton; gravel, chalk, lime,

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