ROM

of the influence of freedmen in
the state, 233. Effect of the
aggrandisement of the colonies,
the attraction of many foreigners
to Rome, and the increased facili-
ties for travelling, on the cos-
mopolitan spirit, 233, et seq.
Foreigners among the most
prominent of Latin writers, 235.
Results of the multitudes of
emancipated slaves, 235, 236.
Endeavours of Roman statesmen
to consolidate the empire by ad-
mitting the conquered to the
privileges of the conquerors, 238.
The Stoical philosophy quite
capable of representing the cos-
mopolitan spirit, 239. Influence
of eclectic philosophy on the Ro-
man Stoics, 244. Life and cha-
racter of Marcus Aurelius, 249-
255. Corruption of the Roman
people, 255. Causes of their de
pravity, 256. Decadence of all
the conditions of republican virtue,
256. Effects of the Imperial
system on morals, 257-261. Apo-
theosis of the emperors, 257.
Moral consequences of slavery,
262. Increase of idleness and
demoralising employments, 262.
Increase also of sensuality, 263.
Destruction of all public spirit,
264. The interaction of many
states which in new nations sus-
tains national life prevented by
universal empire, 264. The de-
cline of agricultural pursuits, 265.
And of the military virtues, 268.
History and effects of the gladia-
torial shows, 271. Other Roman
amusements, 276. Effects of the
arena upon the theatre, 277.
Nobles in the arena, 283. Effects
of Stoicism on the corruption of
society, 291. Roman law greatly
extended by it, 294. Change in
the relation of Romans to pro-

ROM

vincials, 297. Changes in domestic
legislation, 297. Roman slavery,
300-308. The Stoics as consolers,
advisers, and preachers, 308. The
Cynics and rhetoricians, 309, 310.
Decadence of Stoicism in the em-
pire, 317. Causes of the passion
for Oriental religions, 318-320.
Neoplatonism, 325. Review of

the history of Roman philosophy,
332-335. History of the conver-
sion of Rome to Christianity, 336.
State of Roman opinion on the
subject of miracles, 365.

Pro-

gress of the Jewish and Oriental
religions in Rome, 386, 387. The
conversion of the Roman empire
easily explicable, 393. Review
of the religious policy of Rome,
397. Its division of religion into
three parts, according to Eusebius,
403. Persecutions of the Chris-

tians, 406, et seq. Antipathy of
the Romans to every religious
system which employed religious
terrorism, 420. History of the per-
secutions, 429. General sketch of
the moral condition of the Western
Empire, ii. 14. Rise and progress
of the government of the Church
of Rome, 14, 15.
Roman prac-
tice of infanticide, 27. Relief
of the indigent, 73. Distribu-
tion of corn, 74. Exertions of
the Christians on the subversion
of the empire, 82. Inadequate
place given to this movement, 85.
Horrors caused by the barbarian
invasions prevented to some ex-
tent by Christian charity, 81-84.
Influence of Christianity in
hastening the fall of the empire,
140, 141. Roman treatment of
prisoners of war, 256-258. Des-
potism of the pagan empire, 260.
Condition of women under the
Romans, 297. Their concubines,
350

Sanctuary, right of, accorded to

Christian churches, ii. 39
Savage, errors into which the de-
ceptive appearances of nature
doom him, i. 54. First concep-
tions formed of the universe, 349.
The ethics of savages, 120, 121
Scepticism of the Greek and Roman
philosophers, i. 162-166. In-
fluence of, on intellectual progress,
ii. 193

Scholastica, St., the legend of, ii.
136, note

Scifi, Clara, the first Franciscan nun,
ii. 135

Sectarian animosity, chief cause of,
i. 134

Sedgwick, Professor, on the expan-
sion of the natural or innate
powers of men, i. 121, note
Sejanus, treatment of his daughter
by the senate, i. 107, note
Self-denial, the Utilitarian theory
unfavourable to, i. 66
Self-examination,

history of the
practice of, i. 247-249
Self-sacrifice, asceticism the great
school of, ii. 155

SER

Seneca, his conception of the Deity,
i. 163, note, 164. His distinction
between the affections and
diseases, 189, note. And between
clemency and pity, 189. His
virtues and vices, i. 194. On
the natural virtue of man and
power of his will, 197. On the
Sacred Spirit dwelling in man, 198.
On death, 205. His tranquil end,
207. Advocates suicide, 213,
220. His description of the self-
destruction of a friend, 222. His
remarks on universal brotherhood,
241. His stoical hardness tempered
by new doctrines, 244. His prac-
tice of self-examination, 248. His
philosophy and works compared
with those of Plutarch, 243, 244.
How he regarded the games of the
arena, 286. His exhortations on
the treatment of slaves, 306.
Never mentions Christianity, 336.
Regarded in the middle ages as a
Christian, 340. On religious be-
liefs, 405

Sensuality, why the Mohammedans
people Paradise with images of, i.
108. Why some pagans deified it,
108. Fallacy of judging the sen-
suality of a nation by the statis-
tics of its illegitimate births, 143.
Influence of climate upon public
morals, 144. Of large towns, 145.
And of early marriages, 146. Ab-
sence of moral scandals among the
Irish priesthood, 146, 147. Speech
of Archytas of Tarentum on the
evils of, 200, note. Increase of
sensuality in Rome, 263. Abated
by Christianity, ii. 153. The
doctrine of the Fathers respecting
concupiscence, 281.

Serapion, the anthropomorphite, i.
52. Number of his monks, ii.
105. His interview with the
courtesan, 320

SER

Sertorius, his forgery of auspicious
omens, i. 166.
Severus, Alexander, refuses the lan-
guage of adulation, i. 259. His
efforts to restore agricultural pur-
suits, 267. Murder of, 444. His
leniency towards Christianity,
444. His benevolence, ii. 77
Severus, Cassius, exile of, i. 448, note
Severus, Septimus, his treatment of

the Christians, i. 443

Sextius, his practice of self-examina-
tion, i. 248

Shaftesbury, maintains the reality

of the existence of benevolence in
our nature, i. 20. On virtue, 76, 77
Sibylline books, forged by the early
Christians, i. 376, 377

Silius Italicus, his lines commemo-
rating the passion of the Spanish
Celts for suicide, i. 207, note.
His self-destruction, 221
Silvia, her filthiness, ii. 110
Simeon. Bishop of Jerusalem, his
martyrdom, i. 438

Simeon Stylites, St., his penance, ii.
111. His inhumanity to his
parents, ii. 130

Sin, the theological doctrine on the
subject, i. 111, 112. Conception
of sin by the ancients, 195. Origi-
nal, taught by the Catholic
Church, 209, 210. Examination
of the Utilitarian doctrine of the
remote consequences of secret
sins, 43, 44

Sisoes, the abbot, stories of, ii. 126,
127

Sixtus, Bishop of Rome, his martyr-
dom, i. 455

Sixtus V., Pope, his efforts to sup-
press mendicancy, ii. 97
Slavery, circumstances under which

it has been justified, i. 101. Ori-
gin of the word servus, 102, note.
Crusade of England against, 153.
Character of that of the Romans,
235. Moral consequence of slavery,

SPA

262. Three stages of slavery at
Rome, 300. Review of the con-
dition of slaves, 300-306. Opinion
of philosophers as to slavery, 306.
Laws enacted in favour of slaves,
306. Effects of Christianity upon
the institution of slavery, ii. 61.
Consecration of the servile virtues,
68. Impulse given to manumis-
sion, 70. Serfdom in Europe, 70,
71, note. Extinction of slavery
in Europe, 71. Ransom of cap-
tives, 72

Smith, Adam, his theory of pity,
quoted, i. 10, note. His recogni-
tion of the reality of benevolence
in our nature, 20. His analysis
of moral judgment, 76
Smyrna, persecution of the Christians
at, i. 441

Socrates, his view of death, i. 205.
His closing hours, 207. His advice
to a courtesan, ii. 296

Soul, the immortality of the, reso-
lutely excluded from the teaching
of the Stoics, i. 181. Character
of their first notions on the sub-
ject, 182. The belief in the reab-
sorption of the soul in the parent
Spirit, 183. Belief of Cicero and
Plutarch in the immortality of the
204. But never adopted as a mo-
tive by the Stoics, 204. Increasing
belief in the, 331. Vague belief
of the Romans in the, 168
Sospitra, story of, i. 373
Spain, persecution of the Christians
in, i. 461. Almost complete ab-
sence of infanticide in, ii. 25, note.
The first lunatic asylums in Europe
established in, 89, 90

Spaniards, among the most prominent
of Latin writers, i. 235. Their sui-
cides, ii. 54

Spartans, their intense patriotism, i.
178. Their legislature continually
extolled as a model, 201.. Condi-
tion of their women, ii. 290

SPI

Spinoza, his remark on death, i. 203
Anecdote of him, 289

Staël, Madame de, on suicide, ii. 59
Statius, on the first night of mar-
riage, i. 107, note

Stewart, Dugald, on the pleasures
of virtue, i. 32, note

Stilpo, his scepticism and banish-
ment, i. 162. His remark on his
ruin, 191.

Stoics, their definition of conscience,

Ac-

i. 83. Their view of the anima-
tion of the human foetus, 92.
Their system of ethics favourable
to the heroic qualities, 128. His-
torical fact in favour of the
system, 128. Their belief in an
all-pervading soul of nature, 162.
Their pantheistic conception of
the Deity, 163. Their conception
and explanation of the prevailing
legends of the gods, 163. Their
opinion as to the final destruction
of the universe by fire, and the
resuscitation of souls, 164. Their
refusal to consult the oracles, 165.
Stoicism the expression of a type
of character different from Epicu-
reanism, 172. Rome pre-eminently
the home of Stoicism, 172.
count of the philosophy of the
Stoics, 177. Its two essentials-
the unselfish ideal and the sub-
jugation of the affections to the
reason, 177. The best example of
the perfect severance of virtue and
interest, 181. Their views con-
cerning the immortality of the
soul, 182-184. Taught men to
sacrifice reputation, and do good in
secret, 186. And distinguished
the obligation from the attraction
of virtue, 186. Taught also that
the affections must be subordinate
to the reason, 187-191. Their
false estimate of human nature,
192. Their love of paradox, 192.
Imperfect lives of many eminent

STO

Stoics, 193. Their retrospective
tendencies, 193. Their system un-
fitted for the majority of mankind,
194. Compared with the religious
principle, 195. The central com
position of this philosophy, the
dignity of man, 195. High sense
of the Stoics of the natural virtue
of man, and of the power of his
will, 195, 196. Their recognition
of Providence, 196. The two as-
pects under which they worshipped
God, 198. The Stoics secured
from quietism by their habits
of public life, 199-201. Their
view of humanity, 202. Their pre-
parations for, and view of, death,
202. Their teaching as to suicide,
212, 13, et seq. Contrast be-
tween Stoicism and Roman luxury,
225, 226. The Stoical philosophy
quite capable of representing the
cosmopolitan spirit, 239, 240.
Stoicism not capable of represent-
ing the softening movement of
civilisation, 241. Influence of the
eclectic spirit on it, 244. Stoicism
becomes more essentially religious,
245. Increasingly introspective
character of later Stoicism, 247.
Marcus Aurelius the best example
of later Stoicism, 249-255. Effects
of Stoicism on the corruption of
Roman Society, 291, 292.
raised up many good Emperors,
292. It produced a noble opposi-
tion under the worst Emperors,
293. It greatly extended Roman
law, 294. The Stoics considered
as the consolers of the suffering,
advisers of the young, and as
popular preachers, 308. Rapid
decadence of Stoicism, 317, 318.
Difference between the Stoical and
Egyptian pantheism, 321. Stoical
naturalism superseded by the
theory of dæmons, 331. Theory
that the writings of the Stoics

It

STR

were influenced by Christianity
examined, 332. Domitian's per-
secution of them, 432
Strozzi, Philip, his suicide, ii. 56
Suffering, a courageous endurance of,
probably the first form of virtue
in savage life, i. 130
Suicide, attitude adopted by Pagan
philosophy and Catholicism to-
wards, i. 211, et seq. Eminent
suicides, 215. Epidemic of suicides
at Alexandria, 216. And of girls
at Miletus, 216, note. Grandeur
of the Stoical ideal of suicide, 216.
Influences conspiring towards sui-
cide, 2 17. Seneca on self-destruc-
tion, 217, 218, 220. Laws respect
ing it, 218, note. Eminent in-
stances of self-destruction, 219,
221. The conception of, as an
euthanasia, 221. Neoplatonist
doctrine concerning, 331. Effect
of the Christian condemnation of
the practice of, ii. 43-61. Theo-
logical doctrine on, 45, note. The
only form of, permitted in the
early Church, 47. Slow suicides,
48. The Circumcelliones, 49. The
Albigenses, 49. Suicides of the
Jews, 50. Treatment of corpses
of suicides, 50. Authorities for
the history of suicides, 50, note.
Reaction against the mediæval
laws on the subject, 51. Later
phases of its history, 54. Self-de-
struction of witches, 54. Epide-
mics of insane suicide, 55. Cases
of legitimate suicide, 55. Suicide
in England and France, 58
Sunday, importance of the sanctity
of the, ii. 244. Laws respecting
it, 245
Superstition, possibility of adding to
the happiness of man by the dif-
fusion of, i. 50-53. Natural causes
which impel savages to supersti-
tion, i. 55. Signification of the
Greek word for, 205

THE

Swan, the, consecrated to Apollo,i.206
Sweden, cause of the great number
of illegitimate births in, i. 144
Swinburne, Mr., on annihilation, i.
182, note

Symmachus, his Saxon prisoners, i.
287

Synesius, legend of him and Eva-
grius, ii. 214. Refuses to give up
his wife, 332

Syracuse, gladiatorial shows at, i.
275

TACITUS, his doubts about the

existence of Providence, i. 171,

note
Telemachus, the monk, his death in
the arena, ii. 37
Telesphorus, martyrdom of, i. 446,
note

Tertia Æmilia, story of, ii. 313
Tertullian, his belief in dæmons, i.
382. And challenge to the Pagans,
383
Testament, Old, supposed to have
been the source of pagan writings,
i. 344

Thalasius, his hospital for blind beg-
gars, ii. 81
Theatre, scepticism of the Romans
extended by the, i. 170. Effects
of the gladiatorial shows upon the,
277
Theft, reasons why some savages do
not regard it as criminal, i. 102.
Spartan law legalising it, 102
Theodebert, his polygamy, ii. 343
Theodoric, his court at Ravenna, ii.
201, 202, note

Theodorus, his denial of the exist-
ence of the gods, i. 162
Theodorus, St., his inhumanity to
his mother, ii. 128
Theodosius the Emperor, his edict
forbidding gladiatorial shows, ii.
36. Denounced by the Ascetics,
His law respecting Sunday,

139.

245