of, i. 153. Ancient amusements of, ii. 174, 175, note Ephrem, St., his charity, ii. 81 Epictetus, his disbelief in a future
state, i. 183. His life and works, 184, and note. On the frame of mind in which a man should approach death, 195. His views of the natural virtue of man, 198. On suicide, 214, note, 220. On universal brother- hood, 254. His stoicism tempered by a milder and more religious spirit, 245, 246. His remarks on national religious beliefs, 405 Epicureans, their faith preserved unchanged at Athens, i. 128, and note. Their scepticism, 162. Ro- man Epicureans, 162, 163. Epi- cureanism the expression of a type of character different from Stoicism, 171, 172. But never became a school of virtue in Rome, 175. Destructive nature of its functions, 176. Esteemed pleasure as the ultimate end of our actions, 186. Encouraged physical science, 193. Their doctrine as to suicide, 214, 215, note
Epicurus, the four canons of, i. 14.
Vast place occupied by his system in the moral history of man, 171. His character, 175, 176, note. Lucretius' praise of him, 197. His view of death, 205. Dis- covery of one of his treatises at Herculaneum, 205, note Epidemics, theological notions re- specting, i. 356 Epiphanius, St., his miraculous
stories, i. 378. His charges against the Gnostics, 417. Legend of him and St. Hilarius, ii. 159 Epponina, story of her conjugal fidelity, ii. 342
Error, the notion of the guilt of, ii. 190-193
Essenes, virginity their ideal of sanctity, i. 109, ii. 102 Euhemerus, his explanation of the legends, i. 163
Euphrates the Stoic, his answer to Pliny the Younger, i. 202. Has permission from Hadrian to com- mit suicide, 218, note Euphraxia, St., ii. 110 Euripides, beauty of the gentler virtues inculcated in the plays of, i. 228
Eusebius, on the allegorical and mythical interpretations of pagan- ism, i. 163, note. His account of the Christian persecutions, i. 463
Eusebius, St., his penances, ii.
Eustathius, condemnation of, by the council of Gangra, ii. 131 Evagrius, his inhumanity to his parents, ii. 125
Evil, views of Hobbes and the Utili- tarians of the essence and origin of, i. 8-10
Excellence, supreme, how far it is conducive to happiness, i. 56- Excommunication, penalties of, ii. 7 Executioners, always regarded as unholy, i. 41
Exorcism, among the early Christ- ians, i. 378, 380. Origin of the notions of possession and exor- cism, 380. Jews the principal exorcists, 380. Belief of the early Christians in, 382. Contempt of the pagans for it, 384. Ulpian's law against exorcists, 384. Prob- able explanation of possession and exorcism, 385. Speedy decline of exorcism, 385. The practice probably had no appreciable in- fluence in provoking persecution of the Christians, 420 Experience, general statement of the doctrine which bases morals upon, i. 5
FABIANUS, martyrdom of, i. 446
Fabiola, founded the first public hospital, ii. 80
Fabius, his self-sacrifice, i. 185 Fabius Pictor, his works written in Greek, i. 230
Faculty, moral, the term, i. 75 Fairies, belief in, i. 348, 349 Fatalism, Eschylus the poet of, i. 196
Felicitas, St., her martyrdom, i. 444. In prison, ii. 9
Fénelon, on the unselfish love we should bear to God, i. 18, note Fetichism, latent, the root of a great part of our opinions, i. 350 Fidenæ, accident at the amphi- theatre at, i. 275
Fights, sham, in Italy in the middle ages, ii. 37, 38
Fire, regarded by the ancients as an emblem of virginity, i. 108, note Fish, symbol of the early Christians, i. 376
Flamens of Jupiter, ii. 298 Flora, games of, i. 276 Forethought, brought into a new
position by industrial habits, i. 140 Foundlings, hospitals for, ii. 23, note, 32. In ancient times, 28, 29. Adversaries of, 98, and note France, condition of, under the Merovingian kings, ii. 236, note Francis of Assisi, St., story of his death from asceticism, ii. 49. His kindness to animals, 172 Franks, cause of their conversion, i. 410
Frédégonde, Queen, her crimes, ii. 236, 237
Freedmen, influence of, at Rome, i. 233. Condition of the freedmen of the Romans, 236
Frenchmen, the chief national vir- tues and causes of their influence in Europe, i. 152. Compared with Anglo-Saxon nations, 153 Friendship, Utilitarian view of, i. 10 VOL. II.
ALERIUS, his persecution of the Christians, i. 458, 461. His illness, 462. Relents towards the Christians, 462
Galilæans, their indifference to death, i. 392, note
Gall, St., legend of, ii. 182. His missionary labours, 247 Gallienus, proclaims toleration to the Christians, i. 455, 457 Gallus, the Emperor, persecutions of the Christians under, i. 454 Gambling-table, moral influence of the, i. 148
Gaul, introduction of Christianity into, i. 442. Foundation of the monastic system in, ii. 106. Long continuance of polygamy among the kings of, 343
Gay, his view of the origin of human actions, quoted, i. 8, note. His suggestion of the theory of associ- ation, 23, 24
Genseric, effect of his conquest of Africa upon Italy, ii. 82. His cap- ture of Rome, 83
George of Cappadocia, his barbarity,
Germanus, St., his charity, ii. 245 Germany, conversion of, to Chris- tianity, ii. 246. Marriage customs of the early Germans, 278. Their chastity, 340, 341 Gervasius, St., recovery of his re- mains, i. 379.
Girdles of chastity, ii. 319, note Gladiatorial shows, influence of Christianity on the suppression of, i. 34. Reasons why the Romans saw nothing criminal in them, 101. History and effect on the Romans of, 271-283. How regarded by moralists and historians, 284. The passion for them not incon-
sistent with humanity in other spheres, 288. Gnostics, accusations against the, by the early Fathers, i. 417. Their tenets, ii. 102
God, the Utilitarian view of the goodness of, i. 9, and note. Ques- tion of the disinterestedness of the love we should bear to, 18. Our knowledge of Him derived from our own moral nature, 55. Early traces of an all-pervading soul of nature in Greece, 161, 162, 170. Philosophic definitions of the Deity, 162, note. Pantheistic conception of, by the Stoics and Platonists, 163. Recognition of Providence by the Roman moral- ists, 196. Two aspects under which the Stoics worshipped the Divinity-providence and moral goodness, 198
Gods, the, of the ancients, i. 161, et seq. Euhemerus' theory of the explanation of the prevailing legends of the gods, 163. Views of Cicero of the popular beliefs, 165. Opinions of the Stoics, of Ovid, and of Horace, 166. Na- ture of the gods of the Romans, 167. Decline of Roman reverence for the gods, 168, 169 Good, pleasure equivalent to, accord- ing to the Utilitarians, i. 8, note, 9
Gracchi, colonial policy of the, i. 233 Grazers, sect of, ii. 109 Greeks, ancient, their callous murder of children, i. 45, 46. Low state
of female morality among them. Their enforcement of monogamy, 104. Celibacy of some of their priests and priestesses, 105. Early traces of a religion of nature, 161. Universal providence attributed to Zeus, 161. Scepticism of the philosophers, 161, 162. Import- ance of biography in the moral
teaching of the, i. 74. Difference between the teaching of the Roman moralists and the Greek poets, 195. On death, and future punishment, 205, 206. Greek suicides, 212. Gentleness and humanity of the Greek character, 227. İnfluence on Roman character, 227, 228. The Greek spirit at first as far removed from cosmopolitanism as that of Rome, 228. Causes of Greek cosmopolitanism, 229. Ex- tent of Greek influence at Rome, 230. Gladiatorial shows among them, 276. Spirit of their reli- gion contrasted with that of the Egyptians, 324. Their intolerance of foreign religions, 406. Con- dition and fall of their empire of the East, ii. 12-14. Their prac- tice of infanticide, 25-27. Their treatment of animals, 164. Their treatment of prisoners taken in war, 257, 258. Their marriage
poetic age, 278. Peculiarity of Greek feelings on the position of women, 280, 281. Unnatural forms assumed by vice amongst them, 294
Gregory the Great, his contempt for
Pagan literature, ii. 201, note. His attitude towards Phocas, 264 Gregory of Nyssa, St., his eulogy of virginity, ii. 322
Gregory of Tours, manner in which he regarded events, ii. 240-242, 261, 277
Grotesque, or eccentric, pleasure de- rived from the, compared with that from beauty, i. 85 Gundebald, his murders approved of by his bishop, ii. 237 Gunpowder, importance of the in- vention of, i. 126
Guy, Brother, his society for pro- tection and education of children, ii. 33, and note
ADRIAN, the Emperor, his view
of suicide, i. 219. Gives Eu- phrates permission to destroy himself, 218, note. His laws re- specting slaves, 307. His leniency towards Christianity, 438. His benevolence, ii. 77
Hair, false, opinions of the Fathers on, ii. 149
Hall, Robert, on theological Utilita- rianism, i. 15 note 'Happiness, the greatest, for the greatest number,' theory of the, i. 3. The sole end of human actions, according to the Utilita- rians, 8, note. The best man seldom the happiest, 69. Mental compared with physical happiness, 87. Influence of health and temperament on happiness, 88, and note
Hartley, his doctrine of association, i. 22. Coleridge's admiration for him, 28, note. On animal food, 48, note. His attempt to evade the conclusion to which his view leads, quoted, 67, note. His defi- nition of conscience, 82 Hegesias, the orator of death, i.
Heliogabalus, his blasphemous or- gies, i. 260
Hell, monkish visions of, ii. 221 and note. Glimpses of the infernal regions furnished by the 'Dia- logues' of St. Gregory, 221. Modern publications on this sub- ject, 223, note
Helvétius, on the origin of human actions, i. 8, note. On customs of the people of Congo and Siam, 102, note. Compared with Aulus Gellius, 313
Herbert, of Cherbury, Lord, his profession of the doctrine of innate ideas, i. 123
Hercules, meaning of, according to the Stoics, i. 163
priestly marriage, ii. 322 Hippopotamus, legend of the, ii. 161 Historical literature, scantiness of, after the fall of the Roman em- pire, ii. 235
Hobbes, Thomas, his opinions con- cerning the essence and origin of virtue, i. 7, 8, note. His view of the origin of human actions, quoted, 8, note. His remarks on the goodness which we apprehend in God, quoted, 9, note. And on reverence, 9, note. On charity, 9, 10, note. On pity, 10, note. Re- view of the system of morals of his school, 11. Gives the first great impulse to moral philosophy in England, 19, note. His denial of the reality of pure benevolence, 20, 21. His definition of con- science, 29, note. His theory of compassion, 72, note
Holidays, importance of, to the ser- vile classes, ii. 244
Homer, his views of human nature
and man's will, i. 196
Horace, his ridicule of idols, i. 166. His description of the just man, 197 Hospitality enjoined by the Romans, ii. 79 Hospitals, foundation of the first, ii. 80, 81 Human life, its sanctity recognised by Christianity, ii. 18. Gradual acquirement of this sense, 18
Human nature, false estimate of, by the Stoics, i. 192 Hume, David, his theory of virtue, i. 4. Misrepresented by many writers, 4. His recognition of the reality of benevolence in our nature, 20, and note. His com- ment on French licentiousness in the eighteenth century, 50, note. His analysis of the moral judg- ments, 76. Lays the foundation for a union of the schools of Clarke and Shaftesbury, 77 Humility, new value placed upon it by monachism, ii. 185, 187 Hutcheson, Francis, his doctrine of a 'moral sense,' i. 4. Establishes the reality of the existence of be- nevolence in our nature, 20. His analysis of moral judgments, 76 Hypatia, murder of, ii. 196
AMBLICHUS, his philosophy, i. 330
Ideas, confused association of. Question whether our, are de- rived exclusively from sensation or whether they spring in part from the mind itself, 122. The latter theory represented by the Platonic doctrine of pre-existence, 122. Doctrine of innate ideas, 122 Idols and idolatry, views of the Roman philosophers of, i. 166. Discussion between Apollonius of Tyana and an Egyptian priest re- specting, 166, note. Idols for- bidden by Numa, 166, note. Plu- tarch on the vanity of, 166, note Ignatius, St., his martyrdom, i. 438 Ignis fatuus, legend of the, ii. 224,
Imagination, sins of, i. 44. Relation of the benevolent feelings to it, 132, 133. Deficiency of imagina- tion the cause of the great ma-
jority of uncharitable judgments, 134-136. Feebleness of the imagination a source of legends and myths, 347. Beneficial effects of Christianity in supplying pure images to the imagination, 299 Imperial system of the Romans, its
effect on their morals, i. 257. Apotheosis of the emperors, 257 India, ancient, admiration for the schools of, i. 229
Inductive, ambiguity of the term, as applied to morals, i. 73 Industrial truth, characteristics of, i. 137. Influence of the promo- tion of industrial life upon morals, 139-140
Infanticide, history of the practice of, ii. 24. Efforts of the Church to suppress it, 29. Roman laws relating to, 31. Causes of, in England, 285 Infants, Augustinian doctrine of the damnation of unbaptised, i. 96. The Sacrament given to, in the early Church, ii. 6 Insanity, alleged increase of, ii. 60.
Theological notions concerning, 86. The first lunatic asylums, 88 Insurance societies among the poor of Greece and Rome, ii. 78 Intellectual progress, its relations to moral progress, i. 149-151 Interest, self-, human actions go- verned exclusively by, according to the Utilitarians, i. 7, 8, note. Summary of the relations of vir- tue and public and private, 117 Intuition, rival claims of, and utility to be regarded as the supreme regulator of moral distinctions, i. 1, 2. Various names by which the theory of intuition is known, 2, 3. Views of the moralists of the school of, 3. Summary of their objections to the Utilitarian theory, i. 69. The intuitive school, 74,75. Doctrines of Butler, Adam
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