ಆತರುಣಿಯು ಅಧಿಕಾರಗಳನ್ನು ತಪ್ಪಿಕೊಂಡಳು; i.e. The young woman put on jewels. ಅವನು ಆ ಉಂಗುರವನ್ನು ಹಾಕಿಕೊಂಡನು. i, e. He wore the ring,

ಕಾನುನು ಆ ಕಾಗದವನ್ನು ಬರಿಸಿಕೊಂಡನು

i. e. Rama got the letter written,

Se literally means "a word pointing out the self"; so called because, the supplemental Verb * has a reflecting sense in it.*

144. When the finite Verb agrees in gender, number and person with the Doer or Agent in the Sentence, it is said to be in the Active Voice as:

ನ್ಯಾಯಾಧೀಶನು ತುಡುಗರನ್ನು ಶಿಕ್ಷಿಸುತ್ತಾನೆ

. e. A judge punishes thieves.

Note 1, This Voice follows the natural order of words, as the Subject (doer) is put in the Nominative, the Object in the Accusitive and the Verb is made to agree with the Agent.

Note. If the finite Verb is Intransitive the Voice is called Fo; if the Verb is

Transitive it is ಸಕರ್ಮಕ ಕರ್ತರಿ,

But, notwithstanding this peculiarity, the Compound Verb with can, as the Aut hor of (a Canarese School Grammar) rightly remarks, in no way be called a separate Voice; for it effects no change in the Agreement or Concord between the words in the sentence; and besides, it would open the way for a fifth Voice

145. When the Nominative in a sentence is acted upon by some Agent, it is said to be in the Passive Voice (ಕರ್ಮಣಿ ಪ್ರಯೋಗ).

In this, the real Object in the sentence is made the Subject and is placed in the Nominative, the auxiliary is annexed to the second Infinitive of a Transitive Verb and the real Subject is put in the Instrumental case; as,

ಅವನಿಂದ ಪುಸ್ತಕವು ಓದಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತದೆ: . (A) book is read by

him.

ವೇದಗಳು ಋಷಿ ಗಂಡ ಕೇಳಲ್ಪಟ್ಟವು;

ie. The Vedas were heard by sages.

Note. Although the passive sense is expressed in more than one way, the formal Voice is very seldom used in the pure Canarese literature either Ancient or Modern.

146. When a Gerund, a Verbal Noun or an Infinitive is the Nominative, the sentence is said to be in the Impersonal Voice(ex); as: — I és FOX LAB ́es, i. e. You should do this work. ಮನುಷ್ಯರು ತಮ್ಮ ಕರ್ತವ್ಯವನ್ನು ಮಾಡತಕ್ಕದ್ದು, 6, Men ought to do their duty. ; i. e. You may

come.

Note 1. It is called 'impersonal' because of the finite Verb being always in the third person neuter gender and singular number.

Note 2. Thus, the finite verb generally ends in' ಆಸುವದು, ಅಯಿತು, ಆದೀತು, ಆಗದು, ಆಗಲ್ಲ, ಆಗುವದಿಲ್ಲ, ಬೇ ಕು, ಬೇಡ, ಇಲ್ಲ, ಇಲ್ಲವು, ಬಹುದು, ಬಾರದು, ಕಡದು, ತಕ್ಕದ್ದು, ect,

(d) The Tense (500).

147. The three principal simple Tenses (O g) and the six compound Tenses used in Cana.

[ 4 Contingent Future 2.]

Note. The Affirmative Mood alone has all the Tenses. Some of the Impersonal Forms, such as, Gerunds ( ನನಗಳು ) and Participles (ಕೃಚಿಗಳು )

add different terminations in the first three simple Tenses.

(e) Gender, Number and Person;

ಲಿಂಗ, ವಚನ and ಪುರುಷ,

148. Most of the Verbal Forms (

g) are inflected in the Masculine, Feminine and Neuter Genders, the Singular and Plural

(f) The Mood (PF).

149. In Canarese, the Mood (F) is a particular form of a finite Verb with a Personal Sign at the end, to express in what manner it acts.

150. There are three principal Moods (

gɔ) in Canarese viz, the Affirmative (F), the Negative (F) and the Imperative ( ವಿದ್ಯರ್ಥ).

Note 1. The Infinitive () is not reckoned among the Moods in Canarese; because it is merely an Impersonal Verbal Form depending upon another principal Verb. It cannot, of itself, be used as a Finite Verb.

Note 2. Besides the above three Moods, there are some verbal Forms in Canarese, which have been used in the sense of the English Potential (3) and Subjunctive () Moods. But these are not inflected, like other Moods. They are formed by the addition of Defective Verbs (ers j) to the Infinitive form of a Root. However, they are given here in the Conjugation of Verbs according to the English system.

151. The Affirmative Mood asserts something: as:- ಹೋಗುತ್ತೇನೆ, ಹೋಗು, ಹೋಗುವನ್ನು ಹೋದಳು,

Note.

"Affirmative" in the sense of "Indicative" is used here, especially to distinguish it from the "Negative Negative", which is, as stated above, a Mood in Canarese.

152. The Negative Mood denies an action; as:—Bne72›, Bweñgɔ, segɔɔ.

Note 1. The forms of this Mood are the same in all the Tenses.

Note 2. In English, no, nct, neither or nor is inserted in a sentence to express Negation. Even in Canarese, the Defective Verb is employed to denote Negation; as, ಮಾಡಲ್ಲ, ಕೇಳುವದಿಲ್ಲ, ಬರಕ್ಕಿಲ್ಲ.

But these are not the real forms of the Negative mood. Like other, Moods it is formed by placing an inflected form of a finite Verb at the end of & sentence; so, in ನಾನು ಮಾಡುವದಿಲ್ಲ and ನಾನು ಮಾಡೆನು although both sentences nearly mean the same (i. e. I will not do) the latter alone is an example of the Negative Mood.

153. The Imperative Mood proposes, commands, entreats, permits or allows; as: a, gwer, ಬಾ, ದಯಮಾಡಿರಿ ಹೋಗಲಿ ಮಾಡ

Note 1. The Imperative form in the Third person Singular is the same as the Verbal Root; as:-, eg, daad, Balñu.

Note 2. In English, the Imperative is used only in the second person; but in Canarese, it is used even in the first and the third person.

154. The various Verbal Forms in Canarese are divided into two principal classes: The Indect