V [33XF ] 3, 7, 2, 4, Labials [3].

13. In every class, the two first letters are named Hard (, or ) the two next are called Soft (,) and the last is termed a Nusal (5). Thus in F, are

Hard, are Soft and a Nasal. Again in each of the five classes, the first and the third letter are Unaspirated(),) and the second and the fourth are Aspirated (** JO, KONES).

2,

Note. The single letters #, ☀, ~, ∞ in pure Sanscrit and Canarese words are sounded as if they were compounded with as es, & ನೆ, ಜಾತಿ; are pronounced as ಚಂದ್ರ, ಜೈಲುವೆ, ಜ್ಯಾತಿ; an జ్మలువే, actual union of 2 and is, therefore, not a necessity in the Canarese Literature,

But owing to the close contact with the Marathy Language in Up-Country Districts the same letters,,, are sounded as partly Dentals and partly Palatals after the manner of the Marathy pronunciation. e. g. the letters and ಜ in such words as ಜೋಳ, ರಾಚಪ್ಪ, ಚಣಿ & are pronounced as in the Marathy चांगलें, जर &c,.

Some grammars regard the above usage as recognized rule. But this usage does not obtain in Mysore and Canara, So it may be taken as purely provincial,

14. The Unclassified Consonants are,, C, 2, 3, 2, 5, 1, 8. Of these, ∞, ∞, 3, 8. are

called Intermediates ( ಅಂತಸ್ಥಗಳು ) and , ಸ ಹ

The Semi-Letters.

ಯೋಗವಾಹಗಳು.

15. The sounds of the Semi-Letters (o, s) are midway between those of a Vowel and Conso

nant.

Note The is also called Si ಪೂಜ್ಯ, ಪೂಜೆ, or ಬಿಂದು'

17. The

అం

(o) has when it precedes a Classified Consonant, the particular sound of the Nasal () of the class, to which the Consonant belongs; e.g. in, the precedes which Consonant (5) belongs to the fifth class (33) and the Nasal of the class is ; so that the word is pronounced as if it is

18. A single Nasal preceded by

or .

is

sometimes substituted for a double of the same; = 5003.

thus may be for;

Note 1. the above is more a usage than a correct form,

Note 2. A Nasal, at the end of cne of the words in a Compound, and followed by a Syllable (ಗುಣಿತಾಕ್ಷರ) is changed to an ಅನುರ: as:

(See ಕನ್ನಡ ವ್ಯಂಜನಸಂಧಿ).

19. Before the Unclassified Consonants or at

the end of a word, the undergoes no change as in Kodo:, Ko&S, FJ59.

20. The F () is an abrupt aspiration or impulsion of breath, as in

Note 1. It is met with only in pure Sans-crit words used in Canarese.

21. The

F before,,, is sounded like the letter next after it. Therefore in such words the F is omitted and the letter is doubled; as ನಿಃಕ = ನಿಶ್ಯಬ್ದ; ನಿಮ ನಿಮ್ಮ

[b] Of Syllables.
ಕಾಗುಣಿತಾಕ್ಷರ,

22. A Consonant with a Vowel makes a Syllable (ಕಾಸುತಾಕ್ಷರ or ಸುಣಿತಾಕ್ಷರ ), as ನೀ,ಬ

Note 1. Every Consonant is usually pro-nounced and written as a complete Syllable with joined to itas:- +0, 22=55+0,

in a Consonant

Note 2. The absence of this is signified by putting the mark (*) on the upper part of the Consonant, 5, 5, 26.

23. When a Consonant is joined to each of the Vowels from to in succession, the whole row or series of syllables thus formed, is called a (lit,,, a creeper)

Note. In Canarese the Vowel is represented by a peculiar mark on the Consonant or by some

Consonant and the Vowel are written separately.

Note 2. But

is taken to be

has no distinctive mark, as it inherent in every Consonant.

It is however dropped when any other Vowel is joined to it.

c) Of Double Consonants,

ಒತ್ತಕ್ಷರಗಳು.

24. When a syllable consists of two or more Consonants and only one Vowel, the first Consonant is given the Vowel-mark and certain particular forms of other Consonants are placed below the first; but the Vowel is sounded after the last or the lowest. Thus:

#++ = 3); #+8+0+8=26.

Note 1. All the Consonantal marks (3JK g) which are used in writing Double-Consonants were originally full characters but in course of time, the fast hand of the Canarese writer cut off the head-mark of such of them as had any and gave some again an altogether new shape;

Note. there are no silent or unsounding letters in Canarese Syllables as in English in such words as czar, talk, catch, &c,, where c, 1, t are silent.

25. When in a Double-Consonant forms the first letter, the last rule is not generally followed; only the is omitted, the next Consonant

is given the Vowel-mark and a sign [F] called ಅರ್ಕಒತ್ತು, ಅರ್ಕವತ್ತು, ಅರ್ಕಾವು O more commonly de is added to the Syllable. But this change does not make any difference in its pronunciation; as ರ = ರ್ಗ; ರಾ= ಧ೯.

Note. the mark [F] is a modern and more refined form and is almost universally adopted both in writing and prints,

The Examples of Vowel their union marks. with a

Consonant.