PART II. Etymology (DOT). CHAPTER III. (a) of Words in General (m). 38. A LETTER or a collection of Letters having some Meaning is a Word (3) as, 23, 38, ಪುಗಳು, ಚಕ್ರವರ್ತಿ, ದ್ವಾರ ಲಕ, ಜಗದೇಕಚಕ್ಷು, ಸಜ್ಞಾನಭ ಮಿಕೆ, ಚತುರ್ದಮನು ಗಳು, 39. Etymology (220) treats of the classi fication, inflection and derivation of Words. 40. The original part of a Word is called the Crude Form ()); and the case-endings, conju gational signs and other affixes are collectively called Terminations (g). A Crude Form with a Termination is termed an Inflected Word (). Note. But the name is generally given to the Crude Forms of Nouns (5) alone; and Verbal Roots or Crude Verbs are called ಗಳು. 41. A Termination does not mean anything by itself; it can only inflect or extend the meaning of the word, to which it is affixed, 42. Mcdern Canarese Words are distinguished, first, according to their Origin (8), Secondly, according to their Parts of Speech (F, or F) (b) Of the Distinction of Words 43. Modern Canarese Words are usually divided into five Classes, viz, 1 Pure Canarese (e3), 2. Pure Sanscrit (),3 Corrupt Sanscrit (ತದ್ಭವ or ಅಪಭ್ರಂಶ), 4, Foreign (ಅನ್ಯ ದೇಶ) and 5. Vulgar (^). or Note. But this Classification in no way seems to be proper; for, there are, in Modern Canarese, the corrupt or modified forms, not only ot the words of Sanscrit Origin, but also of those of Old Canarese and Foreign Origin. So also, such forms of words, as are distorted by Vulgarigm, are not recognized in Grammar. 44. Modern Canarese Words may therefore properly be classified into Ancient or Old Canarese (), Sanscrit (o) and Foreign (3). 45. Old Canarese supplies about one half of tho vocabulary of Modern Canarese Words. Note. (1) All words denoting human beings and common animals with their relations, cries, senses, motions &c. as, 20, 2; G, D, ಗಂಡಸು, ಹೆಂಗಸು; ಆಕಳು, ಎಮ್ಮೆ, ಕುರಿ; ಅಣ್ಣ, ಅಕ್ಕ, ಮಗ, ಮರಿ; ಕೂಗು, ನರಳು, ಮಾತಾಡು; ಕೇಳು, ನೋಡು, ಮಸು, ಹೋಗು ಓಡು, ಹಾರು, ತೇಲು ಒದರು, ಬೊಗ g; (2) common objects of nature; as,,, ,, (3) articles of ordinary food; as, o, Hey, Box, wo; (4) many implements and instru ments; as FɔɔRaço), Jene, z3,, wow; and (5) Pro nouns, many Adjectives, Adverbs, Interjections and Imitative Sounds are Old Canarese. Change of Letters in Old Canarese Words. 46. Many Old Canarese Words undergo certain changes in their letters, when they are used in Modern Canarese; as: (a) The vowel is added on to the final con sonant, when the penultimate vowel is long; e.g. ర్=న్విరు; వలల్=మ్మీలు; సాల్_సాలు; మూర్_మూరు; తెన్= (b) If the preceding vowel is short, The final consonant is doubled; and is joined to it; 5 = 7. ಕ (c) In some words, one of the consonants (especially or 5) in the last syllable is omitted; as, ನಾಣ್ಣು=ನಾಚು; ಮರು ಮರಲು ( ಮರಳು ; ನುಗು = (d) One of the two consonante (especially 5) in the last syllable is often dropped and the other doubled; F=WTY; LOFF = LA3×; W1⁄2F = 25 253 ZWF=W; F = 3); 2235F = 25). (e) The final 5 is, in some words, changed to ge.g. 2365=27g); 205=2005; 3md5 = Znoys; ಮರಲ್- ಮರಳು, = (1) The single consonant is changed to;s= ಹಾಲು; ಪಣ-ಹಣ; ಪತ್ತು=ಹತ್ತು; ಪಿಡಿ-ಹಿಡಿ; ಪಿರಿದು-ಹಿರಿದು. 5 (g) is sometimes substituted for ; as, ಣುಗು=ಮುಳ್ಳುಸು; ಬಾಣಂತಿ ಬಾಳಂತಿ; ಹೊಸಿಲು=ಹೇಳಲು (h) In a great number of words, the is omitted; as, Zacobɔ_Zwcf); wao&_wak); Jaok (i) In a few cases 5 is changed to ; as, F. ಮ-ಸವ; ಬೆಮರು-ಬೆವರು, 2) Sanscrit Words. ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ ಕಬ್ದಗಳು. 47. The next principal source, to which Modern Canarese is indebted, is the Sanscrit Language. Note. Canarese, in ancient times, was pure and had no admixture of any other Language. But, latter on, as Kannada people began to study Sanscrit and felt the want of scientific and technical words of various departments of knowledge, the introduction of such words became a necessity; and those Sanscrit words had to be made a part and parcel of Kanarese, just like Anglicised words of Greek and Latin Origin. 48. The inflected forms of Nouns and Adverbs, Particles Prepositions and many other Indeclinable Words (g), Verbal Roots, Numeral Adjectives (except 33, 2, DI, L, DICE, Faes &c.), Pronouns (except F )and Present Participle Adjectives ( ವರ್ತಮಾನಕೃದಾಜೆ ) in Sanscrit are not used in Modern Canarese. The crude forms of Nouns, Adjectives and Adverbs in Sanserit may, with propriety, be used, in Kanarese. But the words, which are most freely and frequently used in Modern Canarese, are:(a) Technical terms in Sciences and Arts, such as Theology, Astronomy, Astrology, Medicine, Grammar, Prosody, Philosophy, Mythology &c., as., ದೇವ, ಗುರು, ಆಚಾರ್ಯ, ಸ್ಪರ್ಸ, ನರಕ, ಕ್ಷಿತಿಜ, ವಿಷುವವೃತ್ತ; ಯೋಗ; ಕಾಯ, ಲೇಹ್ಯ, ಪದ್ಯ, ಆರೋಗ್ಯ; ಶಬ್ದ, ವಾಕ್ಯ; ವೃತ್ತ, ಮಾತ್ರೆ, ಗಣ, ವ್ಯಾಸ; ಪಂಚಭೂತ, ಮಾಯೆ, ರಜ, ಸತ್ತು; ರಾಕ್ಷಸ, ಗಂಧರ್ವ, ಯಕ್ಷ, ಅವತಾರ, (b) Abstract and minute relations; as, % ಕರ್ಷಣ, ತಾರತಮ್ಯ, ಸಲ, ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮ, (c) Moral affections and intellectual functions As, ಕಾಮ, ಕ್ರೋಧ, ತೋಳ, ಮನಸ್ಸು, ಸುತ್ರ ಬುದ್ಧಿ, 49. Sanscrit Words, as used in Canarese, are of two kinds; viz, Pure Sanscrit (3) and Corrupt Sanscrit ( ತದ್ಭವ ). Pure Sanscrit Words. ತತ್ಸಮ ಕಬ್ದಗಳು. 50. When a Sanscrit word is used in Canarese, without any substantial modification in its form, it is called Pure Sanscrit (3). 51, Words of one syllable, such as, ಜ್ಞಾ, ವಾ, ಶ್ರೀ , and words of more than one syllable ending in,, cv,, & or undergo no change; ಓ or ಔ no but some slight changes, which take place at the end of other words, are noted below. CHANGE OF VOWELS. [a] Final long vowel is made short:-- D— |