Imatges de pàgina
PDF
EPUB

g.

formally used; e. ೪. ಬೊಬ್ಬರಿಯಿಂದ ಎಣ್ಣೆ ತೆಗಿಯಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತದೆ i. e. Oil is extracted from the kernel of the cocoanut. TYE i, e. You are praised.

D

262. The sense of this Voice is generally expressed by active voice in various ways:

(a) By placing the neuter form of sex (to go) after the past conjunctive participle (

2); e. g., 80wie. It was eaten away. Fukit sig smo nedegs i, e. The horse will be sold tomorrow.

(b) The verb ' (to be), when joined to the past conjunctive participle (3) often expresses the passive sense; e.g. R ಈ ಸಂಗತಿಯು ಅವನಿಗೆ ಹೇ ಆರುತ್ತದೆ *, e, This fact is told to him, ಅವನಿಗೆ ಆ ಪುಸ್ತ FY FABEL i. e. That book had been given to him.

(c) Sometimes, simple active voice is used in the passive sense; e. g. TOTOON FO HADIRI FDI i.e. This piece of land (had been-) bought for one thousand rupees. ಹೊಸದಾಗಿ ಮನೆ ಕಟ್ಟಿತು ಮತ್ತು ಕಟ್ಟಿದ ವರ್ಷವೇ ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ಮಗನಿಗೆ ಮದುವೆ i, e. A house was newly built and in the same year (the owner's-) son was married in the

same.

c. The Impersonal Voice (50(x).

263. In this Voiee, the nominative being either a verbal noun or an infinitive, the verb is, as a rule, always put in the third person neuter gender aud singular number; e. g. of Low wow i. e. It may be done so, we i, e. It need

not be asked,

5) Uses of Moods (¤g exŸ3).
The Affirmative Mood.

Uses of Tenses: (og sexxgs).

264. Properly speaking, there are only thres simple indefinite tenses in Canarese:- the present, the past and the future, others being simplifted into a conjunctive participle () and a finite verb; as, ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾ + ಇದ್ದೇನೆ; ಹೋಗಿ ಇದ್ದೇನೆ ಹೋಗಿ ಇದ್ದೆನು; ಹೋಗಿ + ಇರುವೆನು etc, etc. These forms as were, we etc. are called compound verbal forms (ಸಂಯುಕ್ತ ಕ್ರಿಯಾರೂಪಗಳು ).

A Compound Verbal-form is defined to be a conjunctive participle or gerund (3) with the auxiliary verb (to be) added to it. An infinitive with the verbal root (to suffer) joined to it, as ಹೋಗಲ್ಪಡು, ಕೇಳಲ್ಪಕು ನೋಡಲ್ಪಡು etc, is also spoken of as a Compound Verbal-from.

[ocr errors]

Uses of the Present Tenses:

ವರ್ತಮಾನಕಾಲಗಳ ಪಯೋಗಗಳು

264. The Present Indefinite is used:

(a) To denote an action occurring at the present time; e, ೪, ನಾನು ಈಗ ಕಾಗದವನ್ನು ಒರಿಯುತ್ತೇನೆ . e. Now I write a letter.

[blocks in formation]

(b) To express a habit or usage; as, a CHL ಕೈ ನೋಯಿಸಿದವರಿಗೆ ಕಚ್ಚುತ್ತದೆ. The serpent bites those that hurt it, ಮಹಮ್ಮದೀಯರು ಮಕ್ಕಾಯಾತ್ರೆಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾರೆ. i. e. Mahomedans go on pilgrimage to Macca

(c) In expressing truths; e. g. Igoe, Joey F. got so gose. i.e. If four are deducted

i.e. Honesty is a virtue.

(d) In relating any past historical or mythical event; e, g, ಆಗ ರಣಜಿಶನಿಂಗನು ತನ್ನ ಸೈನಿಕರಿಗೆ ಈ ಪ್ರಕಾರ e. g. 32 aan Begas:— i. e. Then Ranajit Sing thus addressed to his troops, ಆ ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ನಾರದ ಮುನಿಗಳು ಬರು Zopa i, e. At that time, the sage Narada

comes.

(e) In quoting authors whether living or dead; e, g, ಪುರಂಧರದಾಸರು ಹೀಗೆ ಹೇಳುತ್ತಾರೆ. i. Thus says Pnrandharas, ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೀಶಕವಿಗಳು ಕರ್ಣಾಟಕವನ್ನು ಹ್ಯಾಗೆ LÅFJO:-i, e. The poet Laxmisha thus describes the Karnatic.

(f) To express the certainty of a

future

grade i. e. I will cer

action; e. g.
tainly come tomorrow.

266. The Present Imperfect Tense (r. 2) is used to express an action going on at the time of speaking; eg, ನಾನು ಅವನ ಕಥೆಯನ್ನು ಕೇ gie. I am hearing his story.

It is also used to denote an action continued

from a long time; eg, ಇತ್ತ ಹತ್ತು ವರ್ಷ ನಾನು ಆ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು Jaws yes 2.e. I have been doing this work for these ten years past, ಅವನಿಗೆ ನಾನು ಆಗಿಂದಾಗ್ಗೆ ಬುದ್ದಿ ಮಾರ್ಗವನ್ನು ಹೇಳುತ್ತಾ ಇದ್ದೇನೆ .. I have been now and then advising him.

267. The Present Perfect (ಪೂರ್ಣವರ್ತಮಾನ or *) is used to denote an action which was completed just before the time of speaking; e.g. ನಾನು ಈಗ ಮಾತ್ರ ಉಂಡಿದ್ದೇನೆ .e. I have just now taken my meals.

It is sometimes used to denote a past action of which the effect is not yet perceived; e. g. ono

ರಾಮನಿಗೆ ಕಾಗದವನ್ನು ಬರೆದಿದ್ದೇನೆ; ಆದರೆ ಇನ್ನೂ

ಅದರ ಉತ್ತರ

og i. e. I have written a letter to Rama; but I have not yet received any reply to it.

Uses of the Past Tenses:

ಭೂತಕಾಲಗಳ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಗಳು,

268. The Past Indefinite Tense is used:

ಅವನು ನಿನ್ನೆ

1. To denote a past action; e. g. packade Bai, e. He went to Dharwar yesterday, 0ɔɔ ɔ ›. i. e. Rama came home.

2.

To express the occurrence of a future event or action with certainty or haste; e. g.

[ocr errors]

i. e. I shall come in a moment (- presently), ನನಗೆ ರಜೆ ಶಿಕ್ಕದಿದ್ದರೆ ನಾನು ತೊಂದರೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬಿದ್ದೆನು ie. I shall be put to inconvenience if I donot get leave.

269. The Past Imperfect is used:

a. To denote an action continued for sometime

in the past; e. g.

[ocr errors]

You were, at that time, coming by that road.

.i.e.

6. To express what was usual at some former time; e, g, ಪೂರ್ವ ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ನರಬಲ್ಲಿಗಳನ್ನು ಕೊಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದರು, ie, Human sacrifices were offered in former times.

ಮೊದಲು ಕನಡಾ ತ್ತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬಹಳ ಉಪ್ಪು ಬೆಳೆಯತ್ತಿತ್ತು i, e. Formerly salt was abundantly manufactured in Canara.

C. It is sometimes used in the sense of the past continual tense in English; e. g. 2, ರಾಜನ ತನ್ನ ಹೆಂಡತಿಯ ಮಾತು ಕೇಳದಿದ್ದರೆ ನಾರಾಯಣರಾಯನು ಬದುಕುತ್ತಿ i. e. Had Raghoba not listened to his wife's words, Narayan-Ro would have been saved, ದ ವರ್ಷ ಮಳೆ ಇಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದರೆ ಭಯಂಕರ ಬರ ಬೀಳುತ ie. Had there been no rain last year, a terrible famine

270. The Past Perfect or Pluperfect (ಪೂರ್ಣಭೂತ or ಅತೀತಭೂತ) denotes that an action was com pleted before something else took place in the past; eg, ಔರಂಗಜೀಬನು ಸಾಯುವದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಮುಂಚೆಯೇ ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರರು ಬಹಳ ಪ್ರಬಲರಾಗಿದ್ದರು . e. The Marathas had already become very powerful before Aurangzeb's death. ಎರಡನೆಯ ಮಾಧವರಾಯನು ಹುಟ್ಟುವ ಮುಂಚೆಯೇ ನಾರಾಯಣರಾ, ಯನು ಕೊಟ್ಟಿದ್ದನು, 1, e, NarayanRao had been murdered before Madhav-Rao II was born.

Uses of the Future Tenses:
ಭವಿಪತ್ಕಾಲಗಳ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಗಳು,

271. 1. The Future Indefinite is used to express a simple future action or state; e. g. og gi.e. It will rain tomorrow.

[ocr errors]

2. The natural effect of a cause is sometimes expressed in Future Indefinite; e. g. ಬರುವದು ie. Fever is caused by cold.

[ocr errors]

3. It is often used in-stead of the present tense; eg, ಕನ್ನಡ ಭಾಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅನೇಕ ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ ಶಬ್ದಗಳು ಇರು i.e. There are many Sanscrit words in the Canarese language. ಭಕ್ತಿವಂತರು ತಾವು ಮಲಗುವಾಗಲೂ ಏ. ಕುವಾಗಲೂ ದೇವರ ಧ್ಯಾನವನ್ನು ಮಾಡುವರು i, e, Pious men pray to God while going to and getting up from their bed.

272. The Future Imperfect denotes that an action will be continued for a long time in the future, as, ಆ ಹುಡುಗನು ತನ್ನ ಪುಸ್ತಕವನ್ನು ಕಳಕೊಂಡ ಸಲುವಾಗಿ ಈ ಹೊತ್ತು ಇಡೀ ದಿವಸ ಅಳುತ್ತಿರುವನು i.e. The boy will be weeping for the whole of today for having lost his book, ಮನುಷ್ಯರು ಚೆಕ್ಕವರಿರುವಾಗ ವಿದ್ಯೆ ಬುದ್ಧಿಗಳನ್ನು ಕಲಿಯದಿದ್ದರೆ ಮುಂದೆ ಸಾಯುವತನಕ ದುಃಖಪಡುತ್ತಿರುವರು 1,e. If men do not get learning and wisdom while young, they shall have to suffer till they die.

« AnteriorContinua »