Poetical Order: (ವ್ಯತ್ಯ ಮ),

243. In poetry, the Rules of Order noted above are not noticed, as poets have to observe metrical and other poetical restrictions. So the poetical order is called Inverted Order(s) as opposed to, prose, order (ನಾಧಾರಣಕ್ರಮ) ೬, g | ಹಸ್ತಿನಾವತಿಯಂ ತಳರ್ದು ಭದ್ರಾವತಿಯ 1 ವಿಸ್ತರಮಂ ತೋರಿದಂ ಸವಿಾಪದ ಗಿರಿಯ | ಮಸ್ತಕದೊಳರ್ದ ನಿಲಸಂಭವಂ ಕರ್ಣತನಯಂಗೆ ಸಂಪ್ರೀತಿಯಿಂದ ಜೈಮಿನಿ, The prose order of this verse may be ಅನಿಲ ಸಂಭವಂ ಹನಾವತಿಯಂ ತಕ್ಕರ್ದು, ಸವಿತಾಪದ ಗಿರಿಯ ಮಸ್ತಕದೊಳಿರ್ದು, ಕರ್ಣತನಯಂಗೆ ಸಂಪ್ರೀತಿಯಿಂದ ಭದ್ರಾವತಿಯ ವಿ co i. e. Bheema left Hastinapur and getting at the top of an adjoining hill showed with joy the extensive town of Bhadravati to the son of Karna.

CHAPTER X.

Of the uses of Words: (ಕಬ್ಬಗಳ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಗಳು)

(1) Uses of Proper Nouns:

( ಅಂಕಿತನಾಮಗಳ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಗಳು )

244 'ಅಯ್ಯ, ಅಪ್ಪ, ಅಣ್ಣ, ರಾಯ or ಕಾವ್ is generally joined to the names of males, and S, ಅಕ್ಕ or ಬಾಯಿ to those of females; as, ಯಾಕೊಬಯ್ಯ, ಬಸಲಿಂಗಪ್ಪ, ಸುಬ್ಬಣ್ಣ ರಾಮರಾಯ ಮಾಧವರಾವ್, ಗಂಗಪ್ಪ, ದೇವ ವಮ್ಮ, ರಾಧಕ್ಕೆ ಯಮುನಾಬಾಯಿ,

Note. 1.

and are Mahrathi epi

thets introduced in Canarese.

Note 2, ಅಯ್ಯ, ಅಪ್ಪ, ಅಣ್ಣ and the feminine epithets ಅಪ್ಪ, ಅಮ್ಮ, ಅಕ್ಕ are used without any distinction of caste or creed; but and are confined only to the names of Hindu gentlemen.

245. The surname, family name or the name of one's caste or profession is often annexed to a proper name and used as one whole name; e. g. σǝ ಮಠ, ಅಕಬರಖಾನ, ಕೇಶವಭಟ್ಟ, ಪುಸುಲ್ತಾನ, ಮಾಧವ

246. The word ದೊರೆಗಳು, ಮಾಹೇಬರು is often attached to the proper names or the designations of respectable personages ಗವರ್ನರದೊರೆಗಳು, ಕಥೆಕ್ಟರನಾ ಹೇಬರು, ಹೋಪಸ್ ಹೇಬರು, ಹುಸೇನಸಾಹೇಬರು,

(2) Uses of Compound Nouns:
( ಸಮಾಸನಾಮಗಳ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಗಳು ),

247. The repetition of a crude form of a noun

with a case termination at the end expresses each or every ( ನಾಮಸಮಭಿಹಾರ); as, ಈ ಪುಸ್ತಕವು ವಾಸಮಾಸ, Bajzigd i. e. This journal is issued every month, ಆ ಭಿಕ್ಷುಕನು ಮನೆಮನೆಗೆ ತಿರುಗುತ್ತಾನೆ i,e, The beggar goes from door to door,

e.

248. But when (i. e. having been) is affix ed to the repetition - compound ( ವೀವಾ ಸಮಾಸ ) the latter expresses in different, many, etc. e. g. ಜನರು. ಗುಂಪು ಸುಂದಾಗಿ ನೆರೆದರು ,e, People assembled in many crowds, ರಾಶಿರಾಶಿಯಾಗಿ .. In many heaps,

249. When the first syllable of the crude form of a noun is replaced by and then preceded by the original word, the compound (LF, 2) thus formed expresses or the like, etcetra' e.g. ನಿನ್ನ ಹತ್ತರ ಅಕ್ಕಿ ಉಂಟೆ? Have you rice etc ಜ್ವರ ಬಂದವನು ಎಣ್ಣೆಗಿಣ್ಣೆ ತಿನ್ನಬಾರದು . One suffering from fever should not eat oil and such other things.

250. There are in Can rese a great number of compounds consisting of two words closely allied to each other in meaning. Such compounds are used to denote the things actually expressed and and the like, and things of the same class, etcetra; 8.8: ಅಡವು ಕ್ರಯ, ಅನ್ನವಸ್ತ್ರ ಇಷ್ಟಮಿತ್ರ, ಎಲೆ ಅಡಿಕೆ ಕಂದಮ ಅ ಕಸಕಡ್ಡಿ, ಕಂಚುತಾಂಬ), (ತಾ), ಕಾಯಕ್ಕೆ, ಕ್ರಿಮಿಕೀಟ, ಕುಲಕುಟುಂಬ ಕ್ಷೇಮ ಸಮಾಚಾರ, ಗಂಧಾಕ್ಷತೆ, ಗಿಡಮೂಲಿಕೆ ಗೆಣಸುಗಡ್ಡೆ ಗುಡ್ಡಗಾಡು, ಚೆನ್ನ ಚೆ ಗರು, ಚಿನ್ನ ಬೆಳ್ಳಿ, ಜಪತಪ ಚನ್ನಣೆ ಜ್ವರಾದ್ಯ, ದನಕರು, 'ದುಡ್ಡು ದುಗ್ಗಾಣಿ, ದಯದಾಕಣೆ, ಹಾ ನಧರ್ಮ, ಧನಧಾನ್ಯ, ಧೂಪದೀಪ, ಪಶುಪಕ್ಷಿ, ಫಲಪಂಗು ಬಂಧುಬಾಂ ಧವ, ಬದುಕು ಬಾಳ್ವೆ, ಭಯಭಕ್ತಿ, ಮಕ್ಕಳುಮರಿ, ಮದುವೆಮುಂಜಿ, ಮ ನೆಮಾರು, ಮಲಮೂತ್ರ, ಮನು, ಯೋಗಕ್ಷೇಮ, ರೂಪಲಾವಣ್ಯ, ಶುಭಶೋಭನ, ಹರಕುಮುರಕು, ಜಿ ಮಹವನ,

251. Those compound nouns which consist of two words conveying the same meaning as,

LKATA, FIKRL, etc, express anything of the sort whatsoever, in addition to the literal meaning of the words.

252. In Canarese, there are also found certain antonyms put together in a compound; e. g. T ತಾಯಿ. ತಂದೆ (also ತಂದೆತಾಯಿ), ದೇವದೈತ್ಯ, ನರನಾರಿ ಸರಿಮಿಗಿಲು, ಅಕ್ಕತಂಗಿ, ಅಣ್ಣ ತಮ್ಮ ಜನನಮರಣ ಸುಖದುಃಖ, ದೇವು ದೇವರು,

Note. The order of words in all the compounds mentioned above should not be disturbed, nor any of them be replaced or substituted by any other word; so ವಸ್ತ್ರಅನ್ನ, ಕರುದನ, ಭೀತಿಭಯ, ನಾರಿನರ would be

wrong.

(3) Uses of the Cases of Nouns:
( ನಾಮವಿಭಕ್ತಿಗಳ ಪ್ರಯೋಗಗಳು )

(1) The Nominative Case: (æipt).

253. (1) The Subject(s) is always placed in the Nominative (5); so, it points out (a) the agent or doer in the affirmative mood (Fero. e), (b) the actual object in the passive (F. 8) and (c) an action as indicated by a gerund, in the impersonal voice (ಭಾವಿಪ್ರಯೋಗ); eg. (1) ಅರಸು The i. e. A king rules the country. (2) ರಾಜ್ಯವು ಅರಸನಿಂದ ಆಳಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತದೆ . The country is ruled by a king. (3) ಅರಸನಿಂದ ರಾಜ್ಯವು ಆಳಲಾಗುವದು, The country is ruled by a king.

2) The adverbial or predicative adjective (e) used in Cararese takes an appropriate personal sign and appears in the Nominative. It is parsed in Kanarese like the 'nominative after the verb to be' in English as, ರಾಮನು ನೀತಿವಂತನಾಗಿದ್ದಾನೆ (ICEBOSTON); i. e. Rama is righteous. 3

wow, cessardi.e. Water is an element.

Note, In Canarese, the verb or d is generally omitted, both for elegancy and brevity, when it is used as a copula or connecting link; so the sentences mentioned above may be J 268 ವಂತನು, ಜಲವು ಬಂದು ತತ್ಪವು,

(3) A word, expressing time generally, is sometimes used in the Nominative*. a.g.

ದು ದಿವಸ ರಾಮನು ಮೃಗಬೇಟೆಗೆ ತೆರಳಿದನು . On a certain day Rama went ahunting in a forest. D DIF pod wody, i. e. Last year a great famine arose, ಆ ರೋಗಿಯು ಮುಂದಿನ ಮಠಗಳ ಹ್ಯಾಗೆ ಕಣ್ಣೆಯುವನು? ie, How can the patient survive the next monsoon?

Note, Froperly speaking, the above words. signifying time are not in the Nominative case. They stand in their crude forms, without any case ending being applied to them. And if they are to be inflected according to the full meaning they express, they must appear in the locative case (

). So they may be parsed as such. In English Grammar, these are called accusatives of

time.

(4) Any distance, weight, or measure is also mentioned by a noun in the Nominative case; e. g. ನಾನು ನಿನ್ನೆ ಹತ್ತು ಮೈಲು ಹೋದೆನು . I walked ten miles yesterday, ಕಬ್ಬಿಣದ ಮೊಳೆಗಳು ರಾಯಿಗೆ ಹತ್ತು ರು .. Iron nails can be had at ten seers a rupee.

(2)

354.

The Accusative or Objective case:
(ದ್ವಿತೀಯಾ ವಿಭಕ್ತಿ),

The accusative generally denotes the