(

&w for Dewi.e. You come here, og d for og 28:23. i.e. I shall come tomorrow

The verb is also scmetimes omitted; e. g. ವು ಎಲ್ಲಿಗೆ? for ತಾವು ಎಲ್ಲಿಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತೀರಿ? .e. Where do you go. ಆತ್ಮ ಕದು ಧರ್ಮ ಮಾಡ ಬೇಕು . Charity must begin at home, ಕುಂಬಾರಗೆ ವರ್ಷ ದೊಣ್ಣೆಗೆ ನಿಮಿಷ for ಕುಂಬಾ ರಗೆ ವರ್ಷ ಬೇಕು SER DD i. e. A potter takes a year (-to make a certain number of pots but-) a moment (-is enough-) for a stick (-to break it into pieces).

(c) Of the order of words:
( ಪದಪರ್ಯಾಯ )

239. The order of words (F) in a sen tence is of two kinds: (1) Grammatical Order ಸಾಧಾರಣ ಕಮ Or ಗದ್ಯರೂಪ) and Poetical Order ಮೃ ತಮ or ಪದ್ಯರೂಪ ).

Grammatical Order: (ಸಾಧಾರಣಕ್ರಮor ಗದ್ಯರೂಪ)

240.a. The nominative (F) usually comes before the verb; gi.e. A stream flows. ಮನುಷ್ಯರು ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಾರೆ .. Men walk,

b. The object (F) of a transitive verb is placed after the nominative and before the verb; as, ರಾಮನು ಕೃಷ್ಣನನ್ನು ಹೊಡೆದನು ie, Rama beat Krishnag here ರಾಮನು is the subject, ಕೃಷ್ಣನನ್ನು is the object and is the verb.

c. Except where interrogation (F) or emphasis (F) is expressd, the verb is always placed at the end of the sentence; as, I ಮನೆಗೆ ಹೋಗುತ್ತಾನೆ .. He goes home, ತಾಳ್ಮೆಯಿಂದ ಸ ರ್ಪಾರ್ಥಗಳು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾಗುವವು . . With perseverance, all things are possible, ಒಂದಾನೊಂದು ಜಿಂಕೆಯು ಹಳ್ಳದಲ್ಲಿ ನೀ ರು ಕುಡಿಯುತ್ತಿರುವಾಗ ಅ ದರಲ್ಲಿ ತನ್ನ ನೆರಳನ್ನು ಕಂಡಿತು ., A

i. e.

stag, drinking at a stream, saw his shadow in it.

అ.

d. If there are any interjections to be used in the sentence, they must be put invariably at the beginning of the sentence, and next to them those nouns which stand in the vocative case; e. g. ಯೋ ವಿಾಪ! ಈ ಹುಡುಗನು ಇಷ್ಟು ಗತಿಗೆಟ್ಟು ಹೋದನಲ್ಲ! Oh pity! This boy was reduced to such a wretched state!

ಅಯ್ಯೋ, ಅಕಟಾ, ದೇವರೇ ! ಗಂಡನ ಹೊರ್ತು ನಾನು ಹ್ಯಾಗೆ Oh me! How shall I drag my life

without my husband!

e. Of all other complements of a verb, words denoting time are generally placed at the beginning of the sentence, e.g, ನಿನ್ನೆ ನಾನು ಧಾರವಾಡಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋ, e. Yesterday I had been to Dharwar. ಮಾರು ಏಳುನೂರು ವರ್ಷದ ಮೊದಲು ಕವಿಕೇಶಿ ರಾಜನು ಆಗಿ ಹೋ

. i.e. The poet Keshiraja lived about seven hundred years ago, ಕಿಸತಕದ ಹದಿನೈದನೇ ಶತಮಾನದಲ್ಲಿ ಯುರೋಪದವರು ಮೊದಲಿಗೆ ಹಿಂದುಸ್ಥಾನಕ್ಕೆ ಬಂದರು ; e. In the 15 th century A. D. the Europeans first came to India.

f Words denoting place come next after the adverbs of time, 6.g, ಕಾಶಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಒಬ್ಬ ವಿದ್ವಾಂಸನಿದ್ದನು . There was a learned man at Kashi.

sə

0 og 5 g 23, i. e. On the 15 th day heavy rains fell in Bobay.

g. As regards other complements in sentence, the more they are importaut the closer they are placed to the verb; e, g, ಈ ಹೊತ್ತು ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಾನು ನನ್ನ ಶೇಖಣಿಯಿಂದ ರಾವನಿಗೆ ಒಂದು ಕಾಗದವನ್ನು ಬರೆದೆನು .e. Today I, in my house wrote a letter with my pen to Mr. Ramarao.

h. Adjectives and other attributes usually come

precedes the adjective or adverb it qualifies e. g ಕರ ಮನುಷ್ಯನು |, , A cruel man, ಬಹಳ ಕೂರ ಮನು ಏನು 1. A very cruel man, ಹಾವು ಬಹಳ ಮೆಲ್ಲಗೆ ಹರಿಯು i. e. A serpent creeps very slowly.

i. An adverb is placed next before the verb it modifies as, How You come very

slowly.

j. A postposition as its name implies follows the word it governs; as For Rama.

Under a stone.

e.

k. When a demonstrative pronoun or adjec tive in a sentence denotes connection with a preceding sentence, the pronoun or the qualified by the adjective shall be placed at the beginning of the sentence, whatever complement (F) it may express, 8. 8, ಒಂದು ಊರಲ್ಲಿ ಒಬ್ಬ ಅರಸನಿದ್ದನು ಅ Jak majd of. i. e. There was a king in a certain country; he had two children. GOLF SO ತಿಂಗಳನನು ಚಿಕ್ಕವನಿರುವಾಗ ಅವನಿಗೆ ಅವನ ತಂದೆಯು ಒಂದು ಕೋ ಡಿಯನ್ನು ಕೊಟ್ಟಿದ್ದನು; ಆ ಕಡ್ಡಿಯಿಂದ ಅವನು ಒಂದು ಚ DESIN TODD. i. e. When George Washington ವೃಕ್ಷವನ್ನು ಕಡಿದನು was a child, his father gave him an which he cut a valuable tree.

axe, with

7. If the sentence is interrogative slight change is made in the order of words. The interrogative word, whether a pronoun, an adjective or an adverb, is placed at the end of the sentence; e.g. Se siz? ? Oh boy, who am I? what is my name? UND 2 Qa ಎಲ್ಲಿ? Sir, where do you live? ನಿಮ್ಮ ಮಗಳ ಮದುವೆ ಯಾವನಿ, ? When is your daughter to be married?

m. If interrogation is expressed by a parti cle or by the word 2, it is either applied

to the last word in the sentence or itself becomes the last word; e. g. van wear? i. e. Do you want paper? ಅವನು ಪುಸ್ತಕವನ್ನು ಕೊಂಡುಕೊಂಡನೇ ನು ? , e. Did he buy a book? ನಿನ್ನ ಬಳ್ಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹಣವಿಲ್ಲವೇನು ? i. e. Have you got no money?

n. But if the interrogative pronoun is in the possessive case, it is placed before the word it possesses: e. g. ? 2. e. Whose book is this? Dog Fe? i. e. What kind of stone is this?? What is your native

place?

Note. The above rules regarding the order of words in a sentence are not sometimes followed. In colloquial speech they are very much departed from. In such a case, the incorrect order is (lit: "slack use"); e. g. 30? i. c. Where is your house ತಂದೆ?. and who is your father? ನನಗೆ ಬೇಕು ಇಂಥ ಹಾಲು I want milk like this. waz, Węz. i, e. Come soon.

called

Dis? BAT DE ಮನೆ ಯಾರು ನಿಮ್ಮ

Emphasis ( ಅವಧಾರಣೆ

241. The emphasised word in a sentence is placed at the very beginning of it, e. g. Ji ಕೆಗೆ ಕೋತಿನಿಂದ ಹೊಡೆದನು ೩e. It was Rama that beat Hari with a stick, ಹರಿಗೆ ರಾಮನು ಕೋಲಿನಿಂದ ಹೊಡೆದನು, It was Hari that was beaten by Rama with a stick, ಕೋಲಿನಿಂದ ರಾಮನು ಹರಿಗೆ ಹೊಡೆದನು ., It was with a stick that Rama beat Hari.

But when the emphatic particle is added to the word, the latter may be put in the usual order, 6, 8, ನೀನು ನಿನ್ನ ಪುಸ್ತಕವನ್ನೇ ನೋಡು . Look at your book only, ಹೈದರನು ತನ್ನ ಯುಕ್ತಿ ಪರಾಕ್ರಮಗಳಿಂದಲೇ Copos i. e. Haider became king by his own tricks and valour ಟೀಪು ತನ್ನ ಕೋಟೆಯಲ್ಲಿಯೇ ಕೆಟ್ಟ

Connection of Co-ordinate Words: (ಪದಸಮುಚ್ಚಯ)

242. When two or more co-ordinate words ( ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄ ̄3) denote a complement, they are connected together in one of the following four ways:—

1. The crude forms of all but the last word are placed one after another and the case-ending is affixed to the last one. This is called of B ಸ . 8: ದೇವರು ಅಣುರೇಣು ತೃಣಕಾಷ್ಟ್ರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದ್ದಾನೆ. God exists (even) in an atom, dust, grass and wood. ಮನೋವಾಕ್ಕಾಯಗಳಿಂದ ಪರಮೇಶ್ವರನನ್ನು 33 i. e, Pray the Lord with your mind, speech, and body.

2. Or, all the co-ordinating words are placed in their crude forms and the case-ending is affixed to collective words which follow them all. This mode of connecting is called ಸಂಗ್ರಹಣ, 6.9, ಪುಸ್ತಕ ವನಿತೆ ಇತ್ರ ಇವುಗಳನ್ನು ತನ್ನ ಸಂಗಡ ಇಡುವದೇ ಉತ್ತಮವು e. One bad better have one's books, wife and wealth near oneself; ಮಡದಿ, ಮನೆ ಮನೆವಾರ್ತೆ, ಸುಕ್ಕಳು, ಬಡಿವೆ ಈ ವಿಷಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ತೋಳಲುತ್ತಿರುವವಗೆ ಸಂಸಾರಿಕನೆನ್ನುವರು, . He is called a worldly man who is ever anxious for his wife, house, domestic affairs, children and (other) proprety.

3. Or, the conjunctive particle is joined to the case ending of each of the words; This is galled ಶುದ್ಧ ಸಮುಚ್ಚಯ; ರಾಮನ,ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮಣನ, ಸೀತೆಯ, org news; ie. Rama, Laxuman and Seeta went to a forest, ಅಕಬರನು ಸದ್ದು ಣಗಳಿಂದ, ಚುರುಕುಬು, ದ್ಧಿಯಿಂದ, ಪರಾಕ್ರಮದಿಂದ ಕೂಡಿದ್ದನು .. Akbar was endowed with virtues, sharp reasoning and valour.

When the conjunctive particle is not used, the connection is called ಕೆಥಿಲ ಸಮುಚ್ಚಯ, 6. 2, ಕಣ್ಣಿನಿಂದ ಮ ನಸ್ಸಿನಿಂದ ನಾಲಿಗೆಯಿಂದ ಮೋಸ ಹೋಗದಿರುe. Do not be led astray by the eyes, the mind and the tongue.