PART III,

SYNTAX (ವಾಕ್ಯಖಂಡ or ವಾಕ್ಯವಿಚಾರ)

CHAPTER IX.

Sentence ().

220. A sentence (5) is any number of words, so arranged as to give expression to a complete thought; as,.e. A dog runs.

Note. The above definition is given in almost every treatise on Canarese Grammar. "To give expression to a complete thought means nothing more than 'conveying a full meaning'. A thought may be expressed in more than one grouph of words; and each group may have a complete

meaning.

221. A sentence (3) consists of a Subject () and a Predicate(); as, i. e. Men speak; here

ject and

is the Predicate.

is the Sub

Note 1. These two are the great divisions of a sentence. The subject includes not only the Nominative(), but also all adjectives, adjectival phrases, adjectival clauses etc., which are connected with the nominati ve.

So also, the predicate, which is in its simplest form may includes the be only a finite Verb object, all adverbs, adverbial phrases, adverbial clauses and every other word in the sentence, which has relation to the finite verb.

Note 2, ಆಪೈ and ಆಖ್ಯಾತ are also called ಉದ್ದೇ ತಪದ and ವಿಧೇಯಪದ respectively. The subject is call ed ಉದ್ದೇಶ ಪದ, because, it points out the ಉದ್ದೇಶ (lite

purpose) i. e. the person or thing mainly spoken of in the sentencc. The predicate is termed e 33 (lit: 'obedient' or agreeing word), for the reason, that it agrees in gender number and person with the subject.

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In this part (syntax), the names 'subject' and nominative are interchangeably used: and likewise predicate' and 'verb'. But in analysis of sentences (3), this distinction must be carefully maintained.

Note 3. Sometimes, the subject is omitted; e.g. when the sentence is imperative; as, ಬಾ - ನೀನು wai. e. You come.

222. The subject may be a noun, a pronoun a verbal noun, a phrase or a clause; e. g. ನು ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ ., Rama walks; ಅವನು ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ i. e. He walks; &e se i. e. Let the

boys read; ನಾವು ದಿನಾಲು ಬೆಳಿಗ್ಗೆ ಏಳುವದು ಆರೋಗ್ಯಕರವು i. e. To rise early in the morning is health-giving for us.

223. When the finite verb in the predicate asserts the doing (ಮಾಡೋಣ) or suffering ( ಪಡೆ ಣ) of something, it is called a ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಾಚಕ ಆಖ್ಯಾತ (i. e. a predicate asserting action); as, a i. e. I write; i. e. He is punished. 3 ¿mœng2 i. e. My head aches,

224. When the predicate consists of the finite verb or ad(to be) and an adjective used predicatively, the predicate is called JI (i.e. predicate denoting quality); as, ರಾಮನು ಒಳ್ಳೆಯವನಾಗಿರುತ್ತಾನೆ, Rama is good; ಮನೆ ಯು ದೊಡ್ಡದಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ .. A house is large. In these sentences, the verbs ಆಗಿರುತ್ತಾನೆ and ಇರುತ್ತದೆ are mere

omitted, as, ಕಾಮನು ಒಳ್ಳೆಯವನು, ಮನೆಯು ದೊಡ್ಡದು,

t

Note 1. But when the verb ಆಗಿರು or ಇರು is used, not as a connecting link, but as an inde pendent verb predicating existence, it cannot be omitted; as, SI HO JIZZS i. e Dinner is ready; Tiziji Kiska mi. e. Rama is at home. Here, these sentences cannot be contracted into B

ಸಿದ್ಧವು and ರಾಮನು ಮನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ

Note. 2. The predicative adjective used in a ಅಕ್ಷಣವಾಚಕ ಆಖ್ಯ ಾತ is called ಉತ್ತರವಿಶೇಷಣ (lit: an adjective which comes after). It is so called, because it is always placed after the noun it qualifies. So, in the above sentence ರಾಮನು ಒಳ್ಳೇಯವನ್ನು, the latter word "w" indicates some quality in Rama; and therefore, it is, so to speak, a qualilative adjective qualifying . But the quality is included in the very assertion made by the sentence and therefore it forms a part of the predicate.

The adjective is also sometimes spoken of as De Die (i. e. an adjective which obeys or agrees); for, the adjective, when used predicatively, is joined with a third personal pronoun (or the pronominal signor g) which agrees with the nominative in the sentence in gender numbe and person.

The same adjective is also called ಪದ ವಿಶೇಷಣ or ನಿನ್ನ ವಿಶೇಷಣ,

(a) of the complements:

( ಕಾರಕಪದಗಳು ).

225. In Canarese Grammar, on the other

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hand, the finite verb in the sentence is considered to be the principal part of it, and all other words, including even the subject or nominative, are taken as secondary members which complete the sense of the verb and are therfore called Complements. These complements are seven is number; viz: the agent (F), the object (F), the source (ಮಲ ಕರಣ or ಕಾರಣ), the connection )ಸಂ.

), the place (), the time (9) and the manner (03 ).

Note. Adjectives, adjectival phrases and clauses and such other attributes or qualifying words are only the enlargements of the words which they qualify.

226. The subject is called the agent. It is generally in the nominative () case. If the sentence is in the active voice, the agent is the actual doer. In the passive voice, the agens indicates the actual object; and in the impersonal voice ()), it is a verbal noun or an infinitive (3), implying the real action in the sentence; as, gɔ ɔɔi.e. A cow grazes.

ವು ಆಳಲ್ಪಡುತ್ತದೆ . . A country is ruled, ನೀನು ಆ ಕೆಲಸ ವನ್ನು ಮಾಡಬಹುದು i.e. You may do the work. In these sentences, ಆಕಳು, ರಾಜವು and ಮಾಡ are the agents.

227, The second Complement is the object (F). It is generally in the objective case; as; ಹನುಮಂತನು ಲಂಕೆಯನ್ನು ಸುಟ್ಟನು i, e, Hanumant burnt Lanka. This object is of two kinds: direct (50

e) and indirect (asc). [ See the uses of the objective case ].

ಕ.

228. The Complement of Source ( oor) denotes the instrument, by which the action implied by the verb is effected-or shows

generally appears in the instrumental case (eಯಾವಿಭಕ್ತಿ); e.g, ಅವನು ಹರಿಗೆ ಕೈಯಿಂದ ಹೊಡೆದನು, ie, He i.e. beat Hari with the hand, ಕೊಡವನ್ನು ಮಣ್ಣಿನಿಂದಮಾಡುತ್ತಾರೆ t, A pot is made of earth, ಅವನು ಭಯದಿಂದ ನಡುಗಿದನು , He trembled with fear, ಶ್ರೀರಾಮನು ನ್ಯಾಯದಿಂದ ರಾಜ್ಯವಾ gie. Shri Rama governed his kingdom with justice.

229. The Complement of Connection (points out all the words, which bear some relation to the verb; or to which the action of the verb is directed. This is generally put in the dative case; as, ReDow we i.e. Govinda ಗೋವಿಂದಗೆ ಹಣ ಬೇಕು wants money. ಅದನ್ನು ಕೃಷ್ಣನಿಗೆ ಕೊಡು e, Give it to

Krishna.

i.e.

230. The Complement denoting Place () consists of adverbs of place or names of places. The latter are generally placed in any case, except the nominative and the genitive. Sometimes the crude forms of nouns are also used; e.g.

ಬೀಳುತ್ತದೆ ., The rain falls down, ಅವನು ಎರಡು ಗಾವುದ. ಗಳನ್ನು ನಡೆದನು , He walked two guwoods, ಅಲೆಕ್ಸೆಂಡರನು Kuinezdou vodi.e. Alexander had come from Babylon, ಪುಣ್ಯಾತ್ಮರು ಮರಣಾನಂತರ ಸ್ವರ್ಗಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋಗುವರು Great (holy] souls go to heaven after their wordly death, ಸಿಂಹವು ಬತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕಿಕ್ಕಿತು ., A lion was caught in a trap, ಅವನು ತಾಸಿಗೆ ಮರು ಮೈಲು ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಾನೆ

He walks three miles an hour.

231. The Complements of Time (*) are words denoting in, at, for, or, 'during a time'; they are generally adverbs of time or nouns [-implying periods of time] in the instrumental, the dative or the locative case, or in their crude forms; as, 2 DEL B i.e. John went away today, ಶಂಕರಾಚಾರ್ಯರು ಬಾಲ್ಯದಿಂದ ವೈರಾಗಿಯರಾಗಿದ್ದರು . Shankaracharya renounced the world from his