. hereto before); C, L, 5050 (often). Note 1. Many Nouns expressing duration of time, by themselves,as, e etc., or preceded by an Adjective, as ಈ ಹೊತ್ತು, ಅನೇಕಾವರ್ತಿ, ಹೋದವರ್ಷ &c., are, as will be seen from the above examples, reckoned as Adverbs. Note 2. or is an Interrogative Adverb of Time; so also, and are Jo as Interrogative Adverbs of Place and Manner spectively. re (in 174, An Adverb of Manner (ರೀತಿವಾಚಕ ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಿಶೇಷ ) expresses some circumstance of manner, degree or certainty:-0 or (how); or that manner); or (in this manner); ನೆ, ಸುಮ್ಮಗೆ ವೃಥಾ or ಸ್ಪರ್ಥವಾಗಿ (in vain ); ಅಂತಿಂತು of ಅಂತುಯಿಂತು (any how); ಫಕ್ಕನೆ ತಪ್ಪನೆ or ಅಕಾತ (accidenta ally): ಸರಾಸರಿ (on an average ); ಪುಕಾಟ or ಪುಕಸಟ (gratis); we, went, se, or (soon) etc. 175. Many Adverbs of Manner are formed by affixing, or to a Noun or an Adjective; as:-09 ಮರವಾಗಿ, ಸತ್ಯವಾಗಿ, ಸುಖವಾಗಿ, ಹಾಳಾಗಿ, 235227, [ಬಹಳವಾಗಿ ಗೆ - ನೆಟ್ಟಗೆ ಸುಮ್ಮಗೆ ತಣ್ಣಗೆ, ಮೆಲ್ಲಗೆ, ಬೆಳ್ಳಗೆ Note. These endings correspond to the English "ly" on may be applied to any Noun or Adjective; but andare added to a few parti, cular words alone. 176. A Postposition (3) is a word which is affixed to a Noun, Prɔnɔan or a Relative Participle), in or der to signify its meaning more clearly or to e xtend the same; as:ತನಕ, ಪರಿಯಂತರ, ಓಸ್ಕರ, 177. Those wo,rds which are used simply as Postpositions, and as no other Parts of Speech, are called 'Perfect' Postpositions (or CBK AF X): and others which are used also as other Parts of Speech are called 'Semi' Postpositions ( ಅರಿ or ಅರೆ ಉಪಸರ್ಗಗಳು ), Perfect Postpositions | ಪೂರ್ಣಉವಸರ್ಗಗಳು :ಓಸುಗ or ಓಸ್ಕರ ( for ); ತುಸುಕ or ತುಸುಕಾಗಿ [for ]; ಕುರಿತು (respecting): ಬಡಗಡಿ (together with); ಸಂಗಡ, ಸರಿಸ ಡ, ಸಂಗಾತ, ಓಡನೆ, ಒಟ್ಟಗೆ, ಕೂಡಿ ಕೂಡ or ಕಡಿ (along with ); ಬಗ್ಗೆ or ಸಲುವಾಗಿ (for, on account of ) ಓಲು ಹ್ಯಾ * or ಅಂತೆ (like); ಹತ್ತರ (by, with) ತನಕ ಅನಕ ವರಿಗೆ ವರೆಗೆ ವರೆಗೆ, ಮಟ್ಟಿಗೆ ಪರಿಯಂತರ or ಪರಿಯಂತ ( until or upto ); ಅಪ್ಪಂದ or ಅಪ್ಪಂತೆ ( like ): ಹೇತು (except); etc. (after); Semi Postpositions (ಅರಿಉಪಸರ್ಗಗಳು):-ಪರೆ, ಮೆರಿಗೆ, or ಮೆ ರೆಗೆ ಪ್ರಕಾರ, ರೀತಿಯಿಂದ (According to): ಬಳಿಕ, ಬಾ, ನಂತರ, ತರುವಾಯ ( after) ; ಬೆಕೆಯಿಂದ or ಪೆಸೆಯಿಂದ (on account of ), ಒಳಿಯ ಬಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬಳಿಗೆ ಹತ್ತರ, ಹಲಿ or ಸವಿಾನ (near to); ಓಮಾಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿ (like ): ವಿಷಯ, ವಿಷಯವಾಗಿ, ವಿಷಯವಾಗಿ ವಿಷಯಕ್ಕೆ ( anent, with regared to ) ಕಾರಣ or ಕಾರಣವಾ ↑ (by reason of; ಕಡೆಯಿಂದ or ಕೈಯಿಂದ (by) ಮುಖದಿಂ ದ್ರ ಮುಖಾಂತರವಾಗಿ" (through). Note. The Postpositions in Canarese, as has been already said, are Prepositions in English. The former are affixed at the end of words; where as, the latter precede them in Engus... 178. A Postposition (F) is generally added to a Noun or Pronoun in the Genitive Case or to a Relative Participle (2) as:To & Noun:-ರಾಮನ ಸಂಗಡ ಮನೆಯ ಹತ್ತರ; ಕುದುರೆಯ To a Pronoun:- ನನ್ನ ಸಂಗಕ್ಕೆ ಅದರ ಹತ್ತಿರ ನಿನ್ನ ವಿಷಯವಾಗಿ To a Rel. Participle:- ಹೋಗುವವರೆಗೆ ತೀರಿದ ಬಳಿಕ, Exceptions to the above Rule:-some are affixed to the crude form of a Noun:- ಮನೆತನಕ್ಕೆ ಹೊಳೆಬದಿಗೆ ತಂದೆ ಕುರಿತು, ExCEPTION 2, ಪಿಸುX ಓಸ್ಕರ, ಇಂತ, ಇಂತು and ಅಂತರೇ are annexed to a Noun or Pronoun in the Dative Case: ಸುಖಕ್ಕೋಸುಗ ಅವನಿಗೆ ಸ್ಕರ ಕಾಗದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ನಿನಗಂತ 7. Of the Conjunction: 179. A Conjunction ( ಸಮುಚ್ಚಯಕ ) is a word which joins two or more words, clauses or senten ces; as:- ಕಾಗದ ( ಮತ್ತು ಲೇಖಣಿ, ಹಣಮನು ಬಹಳ ಕಾದಾಡಿದನು ಆದರೆ' ಮೂಡುವದೇನು ? Note. 'ಸಮುಚ್ಚಾಯಕ only means conjoining; so, the word is generally added to it; as, ಸಮುಚ್ಚಯಕಾವ್ಯಯ . . & Conjoining Indeclinable Word); so also ಕ್ರಿಯಾವಿಶೇಷಣ ವ್ಯಯ, ಉಪಸರ್ಗಾವ್ಯಯ, ಅನು ಕರಣಾವ್ಯಯ and ಭಾವಬೋಧಕಾವ್ಯಯ (-. ನಿರಾತ). 180. Conjunctions are of four kinds:1, Conjunctive Particles ( ಸಮುಚ್ಚಯಕ ನಿರಾತ g): They are cv (and), (and) 2 Simple Conjunctions:-ಮತ್ತು (and), ಸಹ (even), ಪರಂತು (but), ಹಾಗೂ (moreover ) ಅಥವಾ (or ) ಹೀ, 3 Verbal Forms used as conjunctive words:25 (or), (not being), (whether, ಇಲ್ಲವೆ ಇಲ್ಲದೆ ಆಗಲಿ or), ಅಲ್ಲದೆ (besides ), ಆದರೆ (but , ಆದರೂ al though Jetc, 4 Abreviated Clauses or Phrases: ಆದದರಿಂದ ಆದಕಾರಣವಾಗಿ, ಆದಕಾರಣ, ಆದರೆ ಯುಕ್ತ, ಅದಕ ಾ, ( therefore )etc,. ಹೀಗಾಗಿ (this being so); ಹಾಗಾಗಿ (that being so ); ಆದಾಗ ಕೂಡಾ, ಆದರಕ್ಷಕಗಿ or ಆದಾಗ್ಯೂ (notwithstanding that); ತಥಾಪಿ (how(meanwhile); ವಿವಂಚ (any how ನಲಕ ( on account of that ) etc. ever); 8. Interjections: ( ಭಾವಬೋಧಕಗಳು ) ); 181, An Interjection ( ಬಾವಧಕ) expresses some sudden feeling. Expressions of sorrow:- ಅಂ , ಅಯ್ಯೋ, ಅಯ್ಯಯೋ, , ಅಹಹ ಶಿವಶಿವಾ ಅಕಟಾ, ಮರೆ) ele of disgust: 3, 36, 4, 5,` Bge, 3, 33e, Po, ಇಸಿ, ಇಸಿಸಿ, etc. 2 of applanse:-ಹುಶ್ಯಾರ, ಶಹಬಾಸ್ಕ ಐಶಹಬಾಸ ಭಾಪುರೆ, ಫಲತೆ, ಸೈ, ಸೈ ಸೈ etc, Note. The fo wing words, called ಸಂಬುದ್ಧಾವ್ಯಯ ಗು (Vocative Words) are used in calling: ಎಲೆ, ಎಲೇ, ಎಮ್ಮೆ, ಎ, ಎ, ಪಿ, ಕೂಹು etc, 9. Imitative sonnds. ( ಅನುಕರಣ ಶಬ್ದಗಳು ) 182. Words used to denote the cries of lower animals and any other inarticulate sounds are called Imitative Sounds or Imitative Words ( ಕರಣ ಕಬ್ಬಗಳು); as:- ಅಂಬಾ, ಮಾವು, ಘಾಘಣ, ಥೈಥೆ, ಸರ ಸರ etc, (c) Ot the Distinction of Words according to their Forms: (ಕಬ್ಧ ಗಳರೂಪಭೇದವು). 183. With regard to the forms of words, they are divided into threeprincipal classes; viz. Primitive (ಸಿದ್ಧ, or ಮಲ) Derivative (ಸಾಧಿತ or ವತ್ಸ) 1 Of Primitive Words: ( or ಮೂಲ ಶಬ್ದಗಳು). 184. A Simple and Original Word is called a Primitive Word (2); as:- 3, Tagɔ, Legɔ, 23. Note 1. A word is Primitive notwithstanding the various Case-endings and Conjugational - Signs added to it; sO: ರಾಮನಿಗೆ ಕೇಳುವದಕ್ಕೆ, ಅಲ್ಲಿಂದ are all Primitive, Note 2. By far most of the Sanscrit words used in Kannada are Sanscrit Derivatives. But, so far as they are concerned in Canarese, such of them as are very short and simple in form may be taken as Primitive; as,,, 2, jo etc. 2. Of Derivative words. (or ವ್ರತ ಶಬ್ದಗಳು ). 185. A word which is derived from another is called a Derivative Word ( or 2). Note Derivative Nouns, Adjectives and Verbs are already noted under Articles 70, 74, 99, 103 and 136, 186. Derivative words are of two kinds: Canarese and Sanscrit. Note. there are also found in current Canarese many Foreign Derivative words; such as, ಅರಬಿ, ಮೌಜದಾರ, 187. Canarese Derivatives are divided into two kinds:- Verbal() and Non-Verbal (3). 188. A Canarese Verbal Derivative is, as its name implies, formed by adding an affix to the Root, of a Verb. They are generally Denominative Nouns ( ಅನ್ವರ್ಥಕನ ಮಗಳು), Abstract Nouns (ಭಾವ ವಾಚಕ ನಾಮಗಳು), or Derivative Roots ( ಕೃದಂತಧಾತು. Zgo). |