A Modern Canarese Grammar INTRODUCTION. 1. MODERN Canarese Grammar is a collection of the most approved rules ( ನೇಮಗಳು, ನಿಯಮಗಳು, or 3) which teach us how to speak and write Modern Canarese () correctly. Note 1, Canarese (ರ್ಕಾಟಕ, ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ or ಕನ್ನಡ) is one of the five Dravidian Languages g, S, ತಮಿಳು ಮಳಿಯಾಳ and ಕನ್ನಡ it is not derived from Sanscrit (ಸಂಸ್ಕೃತ). Note 2. Modern Canarese () has come from Old Canarese (g), which lived till only a few centuries ago. Note 3. Modern Canarese differs from the Old in the following respects: a. words mostly terminate in a Consonant cr the Semi-Letter(); whereas, ಹೊಸಗನ್ನಡ words generally end in a Vowel; as, ನೀರ್= Id); vowo – witF); Ho=DA. b. The case endings, verbal-terminations and other suffixes in ಹಳಗನ್ನಡ and ಹೊಸಗನ್ನಡ Vastly differ; as:-ಮುರದೊಳ್=ಮರದಲ್ಲಿ, ಮರಂ= ಮರವು ಕೇಳಿರು ಕೇಳಿದರೆ; ಅಲರ್ದ = ಅರಳಿದ C. The corrupt forms (3 of most of the Sanscrit words found in Old Canarese are left off and only the pure forms [3] are used in Current Canarese; eg, ಬಕು, ಸಾಜ, ದೋಸ, ಜನ ಜಿನ್ನ ಐದು have given place to ಭಕ್ತಿ ಸಹಜ, ದೋಸ್ಕ ಜ್ಞಾನ, ಯಜ್ಞ, ವಿಧು, d. A great many pure ಹಳಗನ್ನಡ words, as ಮೇಣ್, ಹದಿ, ಬಕ್ಕುಡಿ ನೆಗಳು etc. are no longer in use, Most of the foreign (e) words, that have naturally crept into and have been assimilated in ಹೊಸಗನ್ನಡ, are not found in ಹಳ್ಳ ಗನ್ನಡ; eg, ರಶೀದಿ, ಫರಾತು ಮೇಜ್ ನೋಡಿರು ಸರಕಾರ f. In sentences, words were frequently combined together; as, ಎಂಬ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನದಿಂ ತನ್ನನಪ್ರಸನ್ನ ತೆ ನಡೆದು ಬಂದ ಸಚಿವನನುಚಿತಕ್ತಿಗಳಂ ಮನ್ನಿಸಿ ಮನೆ ಕಳು ಪಲವಂ ಬಂದಿ ವೃತ್ತಾಂತ ಮೆಲ್ಲ ಮನ್ನ ತೋತ್ಸವಂ ಮಿಗೆ ಬಿನ್ನಪಂ ಗೈಯ್ಯಡಂಬ ನಂಗೆ ಬಹು ಭರಕಾಂಬರಗಳಂ ಮಚ್ಚುಗೆಟ್ಟು ಪಟ್ಟಣ೦ ಸಿಂಗ ರಿಸಿ ನಿಜಸಚಿವ ನಾಮಂತ ದಂತನಾಥ ಮಂಡಳಿ . . (ರಾಜಶೇಖ. ). But does not prefer and in certain places does not even allow of such combinations. Note 4. The early (poetical) works, such as ಕವಿರಾಜಮಾರ್ಗ, ನಾಗವರ್ಮಥುದಸ್ಸು, ಕಾವ್ಯಾವಲೋಕನ, ಶಬ್ದಮಣಿ ದರ್ಪಣ, ರಾಜಶೇಖರ, ವೃಷಭೇಂದ್ರವಿಜಯ ತಬರ ತಂಕರವಿಕಾಸ &c. are all ing and they form the fountainhead, so to speak, of the Canarese literature. Note 5. As words end either in Consonants or 3, they are easily combined together and afford facility in versification. So even now, good Canarese Poetry cannot do without g for smoothness and melody. 2. Canarese Grammar is generally divided" into three parts:- Orthography (20), Etymo Orthography (ಅಕ್ಷರಖಂಡ), 3. Orthography treats of the forms of letters their sounds and classification as well as the combination they undergo, by Note Punctuation is not mentioned ancient Canarese Grammarians. It is here explained at the end of Syntax. 4. Letters (,, F) are marks or symbols used to represent articulate sounds. 5. Letters are of three kinds: (1) Single Letters (2) (2) Syllables (ಗುಣಿತಾಕ್ಷರಗಳು, ಕಾಗುಣಿತಾಕ್ಷರಗಳು and (3) Double Consonants (g), [a] Of Single Letters, LINC: RORY), 6. Every Single Letter represents one distinct and elementary sound; as ev, 2, ཐ 7. The Single Letters which from the Cana rese Alphabet are 50 in number:— ~, &; ~, Es; cv, cv; 2, 2; J, I, £; 2, 2, 5; 40, 7, 2, 7, 7, 20; 25,,,, ; &, 1, 3, 7, 2; 3, P, D, F, J; 3, 3, 2, 4, 2; ∞, 0, 0, 2, 3, 2, 7, 5, 5. Note 1. As regards the number of letters and their alphabetical order, Canarese Grammar follows that of Sanscrit. Note 2. As, however, the Sanscrit letters [ have no use for them in Canarese, they are not adopted in the Canarese Alphabet; and the letters,,,and, although they are reckoned as Canarese, are only found in the words borrowed from Sanscrit. The Aspirated Consonants (yɔ). are also not commonly used in pure Kannada words. Note 3. On the other hand, the letters,,, are purely Canarese and are not found in Sanscrit. Note 4. Before Schools of the modern type came into existence, the teachers in small village schools took the letters and as of the Alphabet. But the modern teachers very properly threw them out and reckoned them as Double-Consonants, which in fact they are, as is a compound of and; and of and . (These letters are therefore omitted in the Table 4.) Note 5. Unlike the English, Canarese Alpha-bet is complete in itself, in as much as as it contains all the elementary sounds in language. the 8. Single Letters are divided into Vowels (g), Consonants (g), and Semi-Letters The Vowels. ಸ್ಪರಗಳು. 9. A Vowel [] is a letter, which can be sounded by itself. The fourteen Vowels used in Canarese are arranged thus: ~,~;~, F; wv, crn; si, stin; J, D, ~; ∞, &, E. are Short 10. Of these, ~, ev, 2, 2, (S) rest,,,, and the rest, Es, ois, stin, I, ~, &, E. are Long (ದೀರ್ಘ ). 11. ~,,2,, ev, er, s, are called Simple Vowels (Song) 2, 2, ∞, & Mixed Vowels, or Digrams (g) and and Diphthongs ( ಸಂಧಿ ಸ್ಪರಗಳು ). Note. Properly speaking ಇ, ಉ, ಋ alone are simple and elementary Vowel sounds, while the rest are compounds of two Vowels; &=~+~;&= ~+~; 2= ~+R. &c,. The Consonants. ವ್ಯಂಜನಗಳು, 12. A Consonant as is an imperfect sound which cannot be articulated without the help of a Vowel. The Consonants are 34 in number. The first 25 Consonants are termed Classified (es og) and the rest Unclassified (e). The Classified Consonants are: I [ಕವರ್ಗ ಕ, ಖ, ಗ, ಘ, ಜ Gutturals [ಕಂಠವ್ಯಗಳು]. II [ಚವರ್ಗ] ಚ, ಥ, ಜ, ಝ, * Palatals [ತಾಲವ್ಯಗಳು]. III[ಟವರ್ಗಹ, ಠ, ಡ, ಢ, ಣ Linguals [ ಮ Dentals [ ದ೦ತಗಳು], |