V. These may be regarded as the sibilants of the Kararga and Pararga respectively. (c) Some consonants are pronounced with a slight aspiration and are designated as Alpa-pràna, while others which are pronounced with a stronger aspiration are called Mahaprana. The first and third letters of each class, the nasals and the semi-vowels belong to the first class; the rest belong to the second class. For the sake of convenience the first and third letters of each class are sometimes called "unaspirates." 7. In the following table is given a complete classification of all these letters according to the organs with which they are pronounced. The organs of pronunciation are the five parts situated in the mouth, viz. the throat, the palate, the roof or upper part of the palate, the teeth and the lips. Note-In the following table the nether stroke is omitted. It should be supposed to be present. though not a semivowel is put her as it is a guttural, This can be more easily remembered from its Sanskṛt form The linguals are called cerebrals in some European granımars. T ani ऐ are both guttural and lingnal; ओ and ओ are guttural and labial; व is dental an 1 labial. The nose is the organ of pronunciation of the Anusvàra, while the root of the tongue is that of the Jihvamüliya. § 8. Those letters are called or homogeneous whose place of pronunciation in the mouth and the effort required to pronounce them are the same or equal,* Letters which are not are called असवर्ण or heterogeneous. or similar § 9. A swara or vowel is that which can be pronounced without the help of any other letter; a vyanjana or consonant is that which is pronounced with the help of a vowel. The consonants therefore, are written with a slanting nether stroke to denote their imperfect character. (a) Hence the consonants are given, in the system of Payini, with an 3 alded to them for the sake of pronunciation. (b) As alrealy remarket there are तुल्यास्यप्रयत्नं सवर्णम् | Pán I. 1. 9. no_separate Nams for the letters of the Sanskṛt alphabet, except the two mentioned before, viz. Anuswàra and Visarga, and Refa which is the name sometimes given to . The word is therefore used as an affix to denote a particular letter; e. g. अकार the letter 'अ' ककार the &c. letter',' § 10. A vowel by itself or a consonant, simple or conjunct, with a vowel added to it, is called an Akshara or a syllable. § 11. The forms which the vowel signs assume when added to consonants and the changes which some letters undergo when compounded are given below, under (a) and (b). (a) added to a consonant is denoted by the removal of the nether stroke; as +3⁄4=☎ ka. The remaining vowels when compounded with a consonant become r, f, 7, kà, 9 a) c) { { ,, respectively; as + +=fa ki, similarly a kî, ku, ☎ kû, ☎ kṛ', ☎ kṛ, ☎ kļ, ☎ ke, ✯ kai, को ko, कौ kav. as Exception: when following upon remains unchanged, (b) In compounding consonants they should be taken in the order in which they are pronounced; the last consonant takes a vowel, the preceding ones generally losing their perpendicular stroke when combined; e. g. tsna ought to be written as , una as T, &c. Some letters, however, change their form slightly and others entirely when compounded with other consonants; e. 9. lpa; tra, ; s'ça, gra, immediately preceding another consonant (or the vowel) is denoted by the sign written above the following consonant, asrka. It is then necessarily called a ref, (c) In the conjuncts (+) ksh, and (+) jña, the component elements are scarcely discernible, (d) A few consonants are written in two ways; e. g. A, ▼ tra; ■, T kra; FY, ♬ stha; 7, ♬ kta; ☎, TM stra, The following are the principal conjunct consonants: ☛k-ka, ☛ k-kṇa, 44 k-kya, q k-kha, — k-ta, k-tha, तय k-t-ya, क्व or त k-t-ra, क्त्व k-tva, क्न k-th-na, क्र k-nak-n-ya, ■ k-va, ¶ k-sha, k-sh-va. रूब kh-ya, kh-ra. g-dha, gh-na, i-ka, g-na, a g-ya, ■ g-ra, a g-r-ya, TM g-la, a g-va. gh-n-ya, e gh-ma, gh-ya, gh-ra, gh-va. i-k-ta, i-k-sha, ← ů-k-sh-va, & ů-kha, ú-kh-ya, ȧ-ga, i-gha, ú-gh-ya, ȧ-gh-ra, ù-ǹa, F ù-ma, ȧ-ya. cca, ccha, c-ch-ra, c-ch-va, e ç-ña, TM ç-ma, c-ya. ज्ञ j-ja, ज्झ ji-jha, ज्ञ j-1, इय j-ū ya, ज्म j-ma, ज्य j-ya, अ j-ra, j-va. t-ka, t-ta; t-ya, ath-ya,th-ra;d-ga, d-gha, d-ma, d-ya, u dh-ya; dh-ra. zu-ta, -tha, n-da, n-dha, our n-ṇa, ण्म !-ma, ण्य 1-ya, -va, तक t-ka, क्र t-k-ra, तt-ta, स्य t-t-ya, च t-t-ra, स्व t-t-va, स्थ t-tha, न t-na, न्य t-n-ya, रूप t-pa, हम t-ma, रम्यं t-m-ya, t-ya, or a t-ra, sq or a̸y t-r-ya, ☎ t-va, ♬ t-sa, 7 t-s-na, हन्य t-s-n-ya, त्स्य t-s-ya. d-ma, d-ya, d-ra, d-r-ya, d-va, d-v-ya, d-v-ra, ध्न dhana, धन्य dh-in-ya, ध्म dhama, ध्यं dh-ya, a dhara, भ्य dh-r-ya, a dh-va. n-ta, n-t-ya, n-ra, n-sa, ♬ p-ta, p-la, n-t-ra,n-da, n-d-ra, n-dha, n-na, n-p-ra, n-ma, n-ya, t-р-ya, ♬ р-na, TM p-pa, cЯ p-ma, ca p-ya, ¶ p-ra, p-va, p-sa, p-s-va. b-ja, b-da, b-dha, b-na, ☎b-ba, ☎ b-bha, b-ya,b-ra, b-va, bh-na, bh-ya, blera, bh-va. भ्न भ्य m-na, m-pa, xg m-p-ra, m-ba, m-bha, m-ya, ▼ m-ra, ♬ m-la, ☛ m-va. y-ya, y-ra, tq y-va. r-ka,r-kha, r-ga, &c; r-k-sha, r-d-dh-ra. r-gh-ya, r-t-ya, &c.; a r-k-sh-ya, r-tt-ya, ल्क 1-ka, ल्प 1-pa, ल्म 1-ma, ल्य 1-ya, ल 1-la, ल्व 1-va. s'-ça, v-ya, v-ra, ☎ v-va. s'-ç-ya, и s'-na, I s'-ya, y s'-ra, T s'-r-ya, Ħ s ́-la, s-va, 26 s'-v-ya, q s'-s'a. |