परिनेयपुरःसरौ they two took a limited numler of servants with then that there should be no disturbance, &c.; () so, thus; as follows; arm affuga; (5) in the capacity of, as regards पितेति स पूज्यः गुरुरिति निन्द्यः as a father he ought to be respected, as a teacher ought to! e censure l; (6) to state an opinion gia Hrgatea: this is the opinion of As'marathya. It is often used by commentators in the sense of 'according to the rule' इति शक्यार्थे लिङ्; &c. &c. INTERJECTIONS. 971. The following stanza from the Bhatti Kavya illustrates the use of some of these interjections: § 972. form of आः कष्टं बत ही चित्रं हूं मातरैवतानि धिक्। हा पितः क्कासि हे सुभ्रु बह्वेवं विललाप सः ॥ CHAPTER XVI. PROSODY.* † Poetical composition in Sanskrt may be in the prose, or “q verse or metrical composition. § 973. Prosody treats of the laws of versification or metrical composition. Sanskt verse is regulated by quantity, not by accent. § 974. A or stanza consists of four lines each called a The earliest writer on Prosody is Pingalácharya. His work is known as "The Pingalachhandas S'astra." It is written in Sútras and is divided into eight books. The Agni Purana also deals with the subject very fully. The present chapter, however, is chiefly based on the Vittaratuâkar and Chhandomanjarî. ↑ काव्यं गयं च पयं च तद्विचैव व्यवस्थितम् । Dandin. Kav. Pr. I. pada or quarter. A páda is regulated either by the number of syllables (3) or by the number of syllabic instants (Ħ). (a) A syllable is as much of a word as can be uttered distinctly by one effort of the voice i. e. a single vowel with or without one or more consonants. (b) A màtrà () is the measure of time required to pronounce a short vowel. § 975. A syllable is 'light', or 'heavy' according as its vowel is short or long. (a) The vowels, 5, 3, §, K, X, T, Ì Hì, and and are short; and the vowels T, are long. When a short vowel is fol lowed by an Anuswâra or Visarga or by a conjunct consonant, it is converted into what is called 'a prosodially long vowel'; as § 976. The last syllable of a pada is either heavy or light according as the exigence of the metre requires it, whatever be its natural length; as in rauf, &c. (Vier, 1.); तस्याः खुरन्यासपवित्रपांडुम् (Rag. II. 2.). § 977. In the case of metres regulated by syllables each line is divided into groups of three syllables each, called Ganas or syllabic feet, named as 7, 7, 7, T, A, C, A and F. The names and the Schemes of these are given in the following stanza: * मस्त्रिगुरुस्त्रिलघुश्च नकारो rays: farsamgta: || मानुस्वारश्च दीर्घश्च विसर्गी च गुरुर्भवेत् । Vide Vṛttaratnâkara. I. 9. वर्णः संयोगपूर्वंश्च तथा पादान्तगोपि वा || Chhandomanjari, 575 i.e. has all its syllables long; has all its syllables short; has its first syllable long, has its first syllable short; has its middle has its last syllable syllable long; has its middle syllable short; long and has its last syllable short. The symbol stands for a short or light syllable; the symbol denotes a long vowel or a heavy syllable. Symbollically represented these Ganas will stand as follows: Similarly the letter is used to denote a short syllable and a long one at the close of a line. § 978. In the case of metres reg ilated by syllabic i istants each line is divided into groups of four mitràs called the Mâtrà Gaņas; one or instant is allotted to a short vowel and two to a long one. The mâtrà gaņas are five in number. These may be symbollically represented thus: म स ज भ न $ 979. A padya or stanza may be either a वृत्त or a जाति. The following verse is easier to remember than the one given above: आदिमध्यावसानेषु यरता यान्ति लाघवम् | (a) A Vṛtta is a stanza the metre of which is regulated by the number and position of syllables in each pada or quarter. (b) A Jâti is a stanza the metre of which is regulated by the number of syllabic instants in each Pàda or quarter. $ 980. A Vṛtta again is of three kinds: (1) or that in which all the quarters are similar; (2) or that in which the alternate quarters are similar; and (3) f44 or that in which the quarters are all dissimilar. § 981. There are 26 classes of Samarttas or regular metres generally accepted. This classification rests on the number of syllables in each quarter which may vary from one to twentysix. Each of these classes comprises a variety of metres all differing from one another according to the combination of the varions gaņas. $ 982. Yati (f) is the Sanskrt name for the cæsura or pause which may be made in reciting a quarter or verse. § 983. Only the metres in common use with their schemes in Ganas will be given here; all unimportant metres, as well as Vedic and Prakṛta metres will be ignored, SECTION I SAMAVṚTTAS. Metres with 8 syllables to a Pàda. (1) अनुष्टुभ् or श्लोक. § 984. This is the commonest of all Sanskṛt metres; it forms the chief metre of the great epics and many of the Puranas. * सममर्धसमं वृत्तं विषमं च तथा परम् ॥ |