$ 930. The

THE CONDITIONAL,

Conditional is used in those conditional

sentences in which the Potential may be used, when the nonperformance of the action is in plied or in which the falsity of the antecedent is involved as a matter of fact. It expresses both future and past time. It must be used in both the antecedent and the consequent_clauses; सुवृष्टिश्वेदभविष्यत्तदा सुभिक्षमभविष्यत् ॥ there would be plentiful rain then there would be abundance of corn; यदि सुरभिमवाप्स्यस्तन्मुखोच्छ्रासगन्धं तव रतिरभविष्यत्पुंडरीके किमस्मिन् hadst thou obtained ( which thou hast not ) the sweet fragrance of her breath, would you have had any liking for this lotas 2

06. $ 961. f When a past action is to be indicated the Conditional may be optionally used in the sense of the Potential; aú नाम तत्रभवान्धर्ममत्यक्षत् or त्यजेः how eonld you give up your religion?

(a) Also where the potential is used in conjunction with the particles उत, अपि, जातु jc; अपि तत्र रिपुः सीतां नार्थयिष्यत दुर्मतिः । क्रूरं जात्ववदिष्यच्च जात्वरतोष्यच्छ्रियं स्वकाम् || संकल्पं नाकरिष्यच्च तत्रेयं शुद्धमानसा । (मृषा) सत्यामर्ष नवाप्स्यस्त्वं राम सीत निबन्धनम् ॥ (Bhatti. XXI. 3. 4 ).

(b) When the wonder is to be expressed the Conditional is optionally used where the Potential is used in combination with the particles यच, यत्र or यदि when the action does not take place; आश्चर्यं यच्च यत्र स्त्री कृच्छ्रेऽवरस्र्यन्ते तव । त्रासादस्यां विनष्टायां किंकिमालप्स्यथाः फलम् ॥ ( Bhati XXI. 8)

* लिनिमित्ते लङ क्रिपपित्तौ ! Pan. III. 3. 130. हेतुहतुमडावादि लिङ्गिमिनं तत्र भविष्यत्यर्थ लङ् स्यात् कायः अनिष्पत्तौ गम्यमानायाम् । Sil, Kau.

SECTION V.

Indeclinables.

Adverbs.

§ 962. The neuter singulars of the Nominative and other cases of several nouns are used as adverbs: चिरं or चिरेण or चिराय ध्यात्वा having contemplated for a long time; दुःखं or दुःखेन तिष्ठति he is in distress; 30 सुखं or सुखेन, &c.

(a) The word fr is used adverbially in combination with several words such as बहु, नाना, &c. ; बहुविधं नानाविधं in various ways. The word is also used adverbially as the latter member of a compound when some action is to be expressed as having happened before; having said something by way of consothoughtfully (i. e. thought preceding a certain action); अबुद्धिपूर्व भगवन्धेनुरेषा हता मया oh venerable Sir, I killed this cow unwittingly; शपथपूर्व अकथयत्, &c.

lation;

(b) The accusative and other cases of many pronouns are used adverbially; as in यस्माच्च येन च यदा च यथा व यच्च यावच्च यत्र च शुभाशुभात्मकर्म । तस्माच्च तेन च तदा च तथा च तच्च तावच्च तत्र च fruzzozifa ||

PREPOSITIONS.

§ 963. The use of Prepositions has already been explained at § 364-370. The Prepositions governing cases are already noticed under the various cases.

CONJUNCTIONS.

96. The use of Conjunctions has not many syntactical peculiarities and needs no special notice here. They are used in proper senses in sentences.

their

$965. The most important of these conjuctions and the

one very frequently used is . It can never stand first in a sentence; nor can it be used like 'and' in English. It is used with each of the words or assertions it connects and is placed after the last of the words or assertions it joins together; 14 24 or रामः लक्ष्मणश्चः कामश्च जूभितगुणो नवयौवनं च love with its excellences expanded and fresh youth; कुलेन कान्या वयसा नवेन गुणैश्च तैस्तैर्वैनयप्रधानैः ।

(a) Sometimes this particle has a disjunctive force; afaiश्रमपदं स्फुरति च बाहु: - the hermitage is tranquil and yet my aru throbs.

(b) Rarely this particle is used in the sense of 'if';' affag àwà : oh fool, if you wish to live, &c.

(c) Sometimes it is used as an expletive; : zaùa =.

(d) Sometimes it is used to connect a subordinate fact with a main one; भिक्षामट गां चानय wander for alms and bring a cow; कुंहिनी च शासिता गोपी च निःसारिता कंदर्पकेतुश्च पुरस्कृतः the procuress was chastised, the cowherdess was expelled and Kandarpaketu was honoured.

() When the particle is repeated it has sometimes the sense of 'on the one hand,' 'on the other hand,' 'and yet;' a EÍTAMİ जीवितं चातिलोलं क्व च निशितनिपाता वज्रसाराः शरास्ते where, on the one hand, is the extremely frail life of fawns and where on the other are thy arrows hard like adamant and falling sharply; न सुलभा सकलेन्दुमुखी च सा किमपि चेदमनङ्गविचेष्टितम् । on the one hand the full-moon-faced la ly is not easy to obtain and yet there is this unaccountable sport of love.

(f) Sometimes the repetition of shows the simultaneous or undelayed occurrence of two events; ते च प्रारुदन्वन्तं बुधे चादिपूरुषः

they reached the ocean and at the same time the primeval Being

also awoke.

$ 966

तथा 'likewise' often supplies the place of च रामस्तथा लक्ष्मणश्च Rama and Lakshmana; अनागतविधाता च प्रत्युत्पन्नमतिस्तथा both Augatavidhâtá and Pratyutpannattati; means for instance, to be more plain;' तथाच 'likewise,' both are often used in introducing quotations.

$ 967. तु but, हि for, because, and वा are also excluded from the first place in a sentence आत्मा पुत्रः सखा भार्या कृच्छ्रं तु दुहिता f the son is one's own self, the wife his friend, but the daughter a source of anxiety; अप्याज्ञया शा. सतुरात्मना वा प्राप्तोसि संभावयितुं वनान्मान् । कालो ह्ययं संक्रमितुं द्वितीयं सर्वोपकारक्षममाश्रमं ते । ( Rag. V. 10) अस्त्राणि वा शरीरं वा वरय choose either the missiles or your person.

$ 968. यादेand चेत् 'it' are usually used with the Potential or the Conditional; as यदि सोत्र सन्निहितो भवेत् तर्हि मम साहाय्यं कुर्यात् if he were here he would assist me; यदि देवदत्तः अत्र अभविष्यन्नूनमेतदकरिष्यत् had Devadatta been here he would have undoubtedly done this; but they are also construed with the Present Indicative; यदि जीवति भद्राणि पश्यति If he lives he will see prosperity; यांद मया देवपादानां प्रयोजनमस्ति If your majesty has anything to do with me, &c. शापितासि मम जीवितन यदि वाचा न कथयसि I conjure thee by my life if you will not tell it in words.

§ 969.

聯

The Particles अथ and इति·

अथ is used in the following senses : – ( 1 ) as a sign

of auspiciousness t; भयातोब्रह्मजिज्ञासा now Legins the inquiry

f Properly spealing this is not the sen of अथ.

The mere

about Brahim; cf. the Bhasya on this sûtra,

(2) marks the beginning or commencement of a worky ॲथेनरिम्यते - प्रथमं तन्त्रम्ं

now is begun the 1st Tantra; so after that,' &c.;

drzana, &e; (3) then

: &c. (Rag. II. 1)

After that (. e. passing of the night) the lord of the earth, &c. (4) asks a question अथ भगवान् लोकानुग्रहाय कुशली काश्यपः Is the venerabile Káshyapa all right that he may oblige the world; अथ शक्नोषि भोक्तुं are you able to eat; (5), ‘and, including' : : Bhima and also Arjuna; (6) ' If; ' अथ मरणमवश्यमेव जन्तोः if death is sure to befall a creature; &c.

§ 970. As y marks the beginning, so fa marks the close of a composition. This particle is used in the following senses: (1) to quote the exact words spoken by some one, thus taking the place of the quotation marks and being used generally after the words quoted;* देव काचिच्चंडालकन्यका शुक्रनादाय देवं विज्ञापयति ।... देवपादमूलमागताहमिच्छामि देवदर्शनसुखमनुभवि मिति । oh lord, a certain chandâla girl requests your majesty (saying)......"I who have come to your majesty's feet wish to enjoy the happiness of the sight of your majesty;” ब्राह्मणा ऊचुः कृतकृत्याः स्म इति the Brahmanas said we have accomplished our objects;" (2) cause (rendered in English by because, since, &c.) fama gegifa I ask you because I am a foreigner; पुराणमित्येव न साधु सर्वे every thing is not good simply because it is old; (5) purpose or motive; rgarxaqîèíã

utterance or hearing of this word is considered as auspicious as the word is supposed to have emanated from the throat of Brahmà.

* In Sanskt there is no indirect construction, so that in translating indirect constructions the actual words of the speaker followed by a must be used,