of in the habit of'. timid, covetous, greedy;

धृष्णु bold, क्षिप्नु throwing, casting.

मर – ( कमरच ) – सृ - सृमर going, a kind of deer; घस् - घस्नर and

- voracious, gluttonous, a glutton.

य - ( क्यप् ) - is added to व्रज्, यज् and and forms fem. abstract nouns; asceticism, an attack; F a sacrifice, &c.; it is affixed to अज् with सम्, सद् and पत् with नि, मन्, विद्, सु, शी, भृ and इ in the sense of either the place or the instrument of the action denoted by the root; समज्या assembly; निषद्या a couch a market place, the hall where an assembly meets ; निपत्या slippery ground; मन्या the nape of the neck विद्या, सुत्या a sprinkling with the Soma juice; शय्या a bed भृत्या wages; इत्या a vehicle; to चर् and मृग; परिचर्या service, &c.; मृगया hunting, इच्छा is irregularly derived from इब् + क्यप्.

र—is affixed to नन्, कम्प, स्नि, कम्, हिंस्, and दीप; नम्र bowing down, yielding; shaking, tremulous; smiling,

desirous, beautiful; f injurious, murderous; † shining.
The word
adv. is also derived from with

(changed to 5 ) an 1 x.

-is added to, धे, सि, सद् an1 श; दा-दारुः one who gives or eats; - one who drinks; : one who binds;

: one who goes or destroys; : one who goes or perishes. वन्--( क्वनिप् ) ~ पारदृश्वन् from दृश् one who has seen the other

side; राजयुभ्वन् one who has fought with a king; राजकृत्वन, one who is made a king; similarly सहयुध्वन् and सहकृत्वन्वर -- ( क्करप ) is affixed to the roots इ, जि, नश् and स; इत्सर going, cruel; f victorious, perishable, fleeting; it is also alded to गन्; गत्वर transient, going.

CHAPTER X.

§ 778.

sentences.

SYNTAX.

Syntax deals with the mode of arranging words in Of the three divisions of Syntax, Concord, Government and Order, the syntax of Sanskṛt is mainly concerned with the first two; Syntax in English depends principally upon the last. In Sanskṛt and other cognate Languages which are rich in inflection, the relation, which one word bears to another in a sen enee is determined by its grammatical form, and no change occurs in the meaning of the sentences howsoever the order of words be changed. But in English and other languages, wanting in inflection, 'order' is everything. Change the order of words and there is a corresponding change in the meaning. In Sanskrt, therefore, the mere order of words is not of material importance, though a perfect arbitrariness in that respect is not allowable. Sanskrt syntax also takes further into account the meaning and use of participles, the various tenses and moods, and particles. These will be treated

of in their proper order.

* As the great bulk of Sanskṛt literature is thrown in the form of verse, the laws of syntax will be found not to be always observed by the poets. In ordinary prose writings the usual order of words in a sentence is, first the subject with its adjuncts, then the object with its adjuncts, then the adverbs and other indeclinables (extensions of the predicate) and lastly the predicate. The chief characteristics of Sanskrt style are, in the words of Prof. Max Muller, 'the predominance of coordination, the use of the locative absolute, a fondness for long compounds and indeclinable participles supplying the place of subordinate clauses, the frequent employment of the Past Participle instead

THE ARTICLE.

§ 779. There are no articles in Sanskrt corresponding to the English Definite and Indefinite articles. The words and uã, however, are often used in the sense of 'a certain' and the pron. तद् m. f. n. as equivalent to ' the '; कश्चित् नरः a certain man; एकः पान्थः a traveller; स राजा the king, &c.

NUMBER.

§ 780. As already remarked (See § 53) there are three numbers in Sanskrt: a singular number, denoting a single individual, a dual number, denoting two, and a plural number denoting more than two. Besides these general senses

(a) the singular may be used to denote a class; : : the lion is the king of beasts; बुद्धिमत्तु नरः श्रेष्ठः je.

(b) the dual sometimes denotes a male and a female of the same class; f¶ parents; a male and a female sparrow.

(1) Note:-Words like, u, YT, IT, &c. meaning ‘a pair, &c. which are dual in sense but singular in form ought to be always used in the singular, except when several pairs are meant. (11) Note: --Words like gest, à чa, &c. should be always usel in the dual in Sanskṛt.

(c) the plural, like the singular, may represent a class;

of the finite verb, a predilection for passive forms, and the absence of the indirect construction and of the subjunctive mood. For the latter reason the use of the tenses and moods is comparatively simple; on the other hand, the use of the cases, being much less definite than in Latin and Greek presents some difficulties.

Grammar for Beginners.

(or :) Brahmanas (i. e. the Brahmana class) are adorable.

(1) The plural is not unfrequently used as a mark of respect or reverence; fáuarai: so says the venerable Shankaracharya; इति आचार्यपादाः this is the opinion of the revered preceptor, &c.

(2) In the first person, great personages and writers sometimes use the plural instead of the singular; वयमपि भवत्यौ किमपि पृच्छामः e (ie I ) too ask you something; इति तु वयं but we (ie. I, the writer) hold this opinion; quxft a fatwe rule over speech i, e. language,

(3) Words like दाराः, गृहाः, अक्षताः, सिकताः, आपः, प्राणाः, ला&c. are always used in the plural, though some of them are singular in sense.

(4) Names of countries which are really the names of the people inhabiting them, must be used in the plural; faदेहान् उपययौ he went to Videha; &c.

But in the case of compounds ending in words denoting a country such as, faqa, &c. the sing. must be used; IĪFA मगधदेशे पाटलिपुत्रं नाम नगरम् there is a town called Pataliputra in the country of Magadha.

(5) The plural of proper nouns denotes a family or race as in English; जनकानां रचूणां च यत्कृत्स्नं गोत्रमङ्गलम्.

§ 781.

SECTION I.
CONCORD.

"When two connected words are of the same gen ler, number, person or tense, they are said to agree with one another or to be in concord. Speaking of a man we have

to say he, of a woman she, of a plurality of persons they; these are agreements or concords." Prof. Bain.

The concords deserving notice in Sanskṛt are three:-(1) Concord of the Verb with the Subject; (2) Concord of the Adjective with the Substantive; and (3) Concord of the Relative with the Antecedent.

CONCORD OF THE VERB WITH THE SUBject.

§ 782. The verb must agree with its subject in number and person; 3⁄4 there was a king, Nala by name; अहं गच्छामि I go; ब्राह्मणो गच्छतः two Brahmanas go; fc.

some

§ 783. (a) When two or more subjects differing in number are connected by 'and' the verb must be plural; ततः कुन्ती च राजा च भीमश्च सह बन्धुभिः । ददुः श्राद्धं तदा पांडो: &c. Mb. times the verb agrees with the nearest subject in number; सत्यवती देवी गान्धारी च यशस्विनी । राजदारैः परिवृता गान्धारी चापि निर्ययौ ॥ Mb. अहश्च रात्रिश्व उभे च सन्ध्ये धर्मोपि जानाति नरस्य वृत्तम् ॥

and are all sing. the differ in number the

(b) But when they are connected by 'or' verb will be singular; and when the subjects verb will agree with the one nearest to it; रामः गोविंदो वा व्रजतु ‘let Rüma or Govinda go'; स वा इमे बालका वा आम्रं गृह्णन्तु let him or these boys take the mango fruit.

§ 784. (a) When a verb agrees with two or more subjects of different persons connected by 'and,' the first person has preference over the second or third, and the second over the third; त्वमहं रामश्चैतत्करिष्याम: Rama, you and I shall do this ; स्वं रामच पाठशालां गच्छतम्, &c.