(a) Visarga, not belonging to an indeclinable is changed to when preceded by sr, and to when preceded by or, short or long and followed by the terminations पाश, कल्प, क, and काम्य* ; 6. g. पयस्पाशम् Bad milk; यशस्कल्पम् little short of fame; यशस्कः with fame; यशस्काम्यतिः he desires fame; but प्रातःकल्पम्; almost dawn (where प्रातः is an indec.) सर्पिष्पाशन् bad ghee. सर्पिष्कल्पर, सर्पिष्कर, सर्पिष्काम्यति. If the Visarga, however, is a substitute for a final र् it is not changed to सू before काम्य; गोः काम्बति desires speech. (b) § The Visarga of नमः and पुरः when prefixed as indeclinables to verbs beginning with or and or is optionally changed to in the case of the former and necessarily in that of the latter; e.g. नमस्करोति or नमः करोति, पुरस्करोति puts in the front; but पुरः प्रवेष्टव्याः towns fit to be entered (as पुर् is a noun).; (c) + Visarga, preceded by इ or र and not belonging to a termination, is changed to except in the case of : often, if followed by a hard consonant of the guttural or the labial class: नि: + प्रत्यू =निव्प्रत्यूहम् without obstacle. आविष्कृतम् disclosed; दुष्कृतम् a bad action ; but मुहुः कृतः अभिः करोति, as the Visarga is substituted for स् a term; so मातुःकृपा and not मातुस्कृपा. भ्रातुष्पुवः is an exception. (d) | तिरम् optionally retains its स् when followed by क्, ख्, प् or फ्; तिरः करोति or तिरस्करोति hides or scorns. द्विः, त्रिः and चतुः, all of them adverbs showing frequency, change ● सोsपदादौ । Pán VIII. 3. 88. पाश कल्पककाम्येष्विति वाच्यम् | अनव्ययस्त्रोत वाच्यम् | Vartikas. इणः षः | Pán. VIII. 3. 39. 1 काम्ये रोरेवेति वाच्यम् | Vart. $ नमस्पुरसोर्गत्योः | Pán. VIII. 3. 40. their Visarga to ब् optionally under the same circumstances *; द्विष्करोति or द्विः करोति does twice: but चतुष्कपालं having four parte (where चतु: is not an adverb). (e) ↑ The ending इ: or ड of a word changes its visarga to optionally under the same circumstances when the presence of the following word is necessary for the completion of the sense; सर्पिष्करोति or सर्पिः करोति turns into ghee; धनुष्करोति or धनुःकरोमि makes a bow; but तिष्ठतु सर्पिः पिब त्वमुदकम्, as there is no connection here between the word सर्पिः and पिब; And necessarily when at the end of the first member of a compound; as सर्पिष्कुण्डिका a pot for clarified butter. ; but परमसर्पिःकुण्डिका a big ghee-pot (as the word सर्पिः is an uttara pada.) : (1) Visarga coming after the of a word other than an indeclinable and forming the first member of a compound is changed to when followed by a derivative of the roots कु, कम्, and by कंस, कुंभ, पाश, कुशा and का eg. अयस्कारः an iron-smith; अयस्कामः one who desires iron; अयस्कंसम् an iron pot; अयस्पात्रम् ; अयस्कुशा a bridle; अयस्कर्णी a kind of iron pot; but गीःकारः Brhaspati; स्वःकाम, one desiring heaven ( where स्वर् is an inde ); यशः करोति ( 44 there is no'comp.); and परमयशःकारः producing great fame (as the. word is not the first member of the comp.) (g) † The words अधः and शिरः change their visarga to स् when followed by under the same circumstances as those mentioned above; अधस्पदम्, शिरस्पदम; but अधः पदं when there is no comp.; परमशिरःपदम् ( as शिरः is the latter member उत्तरपद ). * द्विश्चिति कृत्वोर्थे । Pan, VIII. 3. 43. : ↑ इस्सोः सामर्थ्य | नित्यसमासे ऽनुत्तरपदस्थस्या | Pán. VIII. 3. 44-45. $ 46. Visarga (snbstituted for स् and not र्) preceded by short अ and followed by short अ or a soft consonant is changed to उ; शिवः + अर्व्यः = शिव + उ + अर्व्यः शिवो + अर्च्यः शिवोर्घ्य : Siva is a lorable; (see $ 24 ) ; देवः + वन्द्यः = देवो वन्द्यः God should be salutel; bat तितु पय अ ३ मित्त (where the or after पयः is pluta ); प्रातः+अत्र = प्रातरत्र (for here the visarga is substituted for र्); so प्रातर्गच्छ &c. $47. Visarga preceded by T is dropped necessarily when followed by a soft consonant, and optionally when followed by a vowel; it is also optionally dropped when preceded by and followed by a vowel except 37; when it is not dropped it is changed to य् in both these cases; देवाः + नम्याः = देवा नम्याः; देवाः + इह = देवr se or देवायिह । : $ 48. (a) Visarga, preceded by any vowel except अ or आ and followed by a vowel or a soft consonant, is changed to र् हरिः + जयति = हरिर्जयति Hari conquers; so भानुरुदेति the sun rises; गौरागच्छति a cow or bull comes. Exception:—The Visarga of the particles भोः भगोः and अयोः obeys $ 47; e. g. भोः + अच्युत = भो अच्युत or भोयच्युत oh Achyuta; भगो नमस्ते Bhago ! a bow to thee; अबो याहि oh you, go. (b) The न् of अहनू, not followed by not followed by a declensional termination, is always changed to; but if followed by q* and other words such as गिर, धुर् &c. the change is optional; and if by रूप, and रात्रि, visarga is substituted for it; अहः, अहरहः day by day; अहः पतिः or अहपतिः the lord of the day, the sun; गीर्पतिः or गीष्पतिः Bxhaspati; धूर्पतिः or धूष्पतिः a leader; but अहोभ्याम् Inst. dual; अहरादीनां पत्यादिषु वा रेफः | Várt. 3 s. G. अहोरूपम् the form of the day गतमहोरात्रिरेषा; अहोरात्रः day and wight; अहोरथन्तरन् a portion of Saman to be chanted by day. (e) * र् or ढ् followed by र् or द respectively is dropped, aned the preceding अ, इ or उ if short is made long; पुनर + रमते = पुनारमते sports again; हरिः +रम्यः=हरिर् + रम्यः = हरी रम्य: Hari is gracefulg but वृद् + ढ: (from वृह् + त ) = वृढ: p. p. of वृहू to grow. $ 49.† (@) The म् of the nom. sing. of ped before a consonant when they do not तद् and एतद् mas. is drop end in or are not used in a negative Tatpurusha; eg स शंभुः, एष विष्णु: ; but एषको रुद्रः this Rudra. असाইशवः that is not Siva (a neg. Tat.) ; एषोत्र. (b) † Sometimes in poetry the स् of सः and एषः is considered as not existing when followed by a vowel other than , so that the two vowels may combine in order to meet the exigencies of the सेमाम॑विड्डि प्रभृ॑ति॒ य ई॑श॑ष॒, &c. Rg. II. 24. 1, metre; e. g. $ 50. सैप दाशरथी रामः सैब राजा युधिष्ठिरः सैष कर्णो महात्यागी सैष भीमो महाबलः ॥ CHAPTER III. SUBANTA OR DECLENSION. In the present chapter Declension or the inflection of nouns, substantive and adjective, will be considered. $ 51. The crude form of a noun (any declinable word) not yet inflected is technically called a Pratipadika (प्रातिपदिक). * रोरि | ढलेोपे पूर्वस्य दीर्घः | Pan. VIII. 3. 14, VI. 3. 111. + एतत्तदोः लोपोकोरनञ्समासे इलि | सोचि लोपे चेत्यादपुरणम् | Pán, VI, 1, 132, 134, § 52. A noun has three genders: a masculine gender (mas.), a feminine gender (fem.), and a neuter gender (neu.). The question about the determination of the gender of nouns will be considered in a separate chapter. § 53. There are three numbers: Singular (sing.), dual (du.), and plural (pl.) The singular number denotes one, the dual two, and the plural three or more. * § 54. There are eight cases in each number: Nominative (Nom. or N.), Vocative (Voc. or V.), Accusative (Acc. or A.), Instrumental (Ins. or I.), Dative (Dat, or D.), Ablative (Ab, or A.), Genetive (Gen, or G.), and Locative (Loc. or L.). These express nearly all relations between words in a sentence. N. B. These genders, numbers and cases will, for the sake of convenience, be denoted by their abbreviations enclosed into brackets after each. § 55. Sup (t) is the technical term for a case termination in Sanskrt. Declension consists in adding the case terminations to the crude form or base. * द्वधैकयो द्विवचनैकवचने | बहुषु बहुवचनम् | Pân. I. 4, 22, 21. †The general terminations as given by Pâini are-¿ÃΤÕ ट्छष्टाभ्याम्भिस्ङेभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसिभ्याम्भ्यस्ङसोसाम्ङ्योस्सुप् | IV. 1. 2. . . Nom. རྐུ air जस; Acc. अम् और् शस्; Ins. टा भ्याम् भिस्; Dat. डे भ्याम् भ्यस; Ab ङसि भ्याम् भ्यस् ; Gen. इस् ओम् भाम्; Loc. ङि ओस् सुप्. Some of these terminations as is common with Pânini's system of nomenclature have certain Its (servile letters) added or prefixed to them; e. g. in, in &e. It will be easily seen that the term is obtained by taking the first letter and the last It in the sutra, |