CHAPTER XII. CONJUGATION OF VERBS. $ 377. There are in Sanskrt (a) Two kinds of verbs, Primitive and Derivative. (b) Six Tenses (काला) and four Moods (अर्थाः) which are as This technical names are given in the following Kárika. विध्याशिवेस्तु लिंङ्लोटौ लुट् ऌट् लङ् च भविष्यति || This terminology of Pânini, it will be seen, is artificial. Other grammarians use different names. The ten Lakaras of Panini are according to their nomenclature as follows. भवंती ( वृत्ती :), अद्यतनी ह्यस्तनी, परोक्षा, श्वस्तनी, भविष्यन्ती, पञ्चमी, सती; क्रियातिपत्ति and आशी :'Apte's Guide, or the Sabjunctive is used only in the Veda and is therefore termed 'The Vedic Subjunctive.' Note: The ten tenses and moods are technically called the ten Lakaras in Sanskṛt grammars. (c) Three Voices (T), the Active Voice (a) as रामः सत्यं भाषते, the Passive Voice ( कर्मणिप्र० ), as हरिणा फलं भक्ष्यते, and the Impersonal Construction ( भावेप्र०), रामेण गम्यते. (d) Two sets of personal terminations, the one called 'Parasmaipada,' the other Atmanepada.' Some roots take exclusively the Par. terminations and some the Atm. ones; while there are others which take either. Several roots again, though Parasmaipadi, take the Atmanepada and vice versa, when preceded by certain prepositions or in particular senses. These will be considered in a separate chapter. § 378. Primitive verbs or roots are those which originally exist in the language, while derivative verbs are those which may be derived from a parent stock-a root or a noun. § 379. Every verb, in Sanskṛt, whether primitive or derivative may be conjugated in the ten tenses and moods given above. (a) Transitive verbs are conjugated in the active and possive voices and intransitive verbs in the active and the impersonal form. § 380. In each tense and mood there are three numbers, singular, dual and plural, with three persons in each. § 381. In four of the tenses and moods given above, viz. the Present, the Imperfect, the Imperative and the Potential, the verbs undergo peculiar modifications (F) and these are therefore called Conjugational (enfungen)* or Special tenses and moods; and ( the remaining Non-Conjugational (g) or general. In the former the characteristic marks and terminations of each are mostly added to a special base formed from the root in various ways, while in the latter they are combined with the root itself (a) The base (g) of a root is that form which it assumes before the personal terminations. § 382, When a root is capable of taking either pada, the Parasmaipada (lit, word for another) should be used when the fruit or result of the action of the verb accrues to any other person or thing than the agent, and the Atmanepada (lit. word for self) when it refers to the agent, Thus देवदत्तः यजति will mean • Devadatta sacrifices for another (his Yajamána);' while qq: 'Devadatta sacrifices for himself.' will mean Strictly the term Sàrvadhàtuka (belonging to the full form of the verbal base) is given by Panini to the personal terminations of all the tenses and moods, except those of the Perfect and the Benedictive, and to the affixes distinguished by an indicatory s' (f), i. c. the various conjugational signs of the 9 classes, (exeept that of the eighth) and the terminations of the Present Participle Par. and Atm. All other verbal affixes i. e. the conjugational signs of the 8th and 10th classes, the affixes added to form the causal base and a few denominatives, the affixes F, 7, 8 and 4 added to the bases of the two futures, the desiderative and the Passive, all the affixes of the Aorist and those forming the Past Participle (Act. and Pass.), the infinitive and the verbal indeclinables, and some others are called Ardhadhâtuka. SECTION I. ACTIVE VOICE. I. CONJUGATIONAL or SPECIAL TENSES AND MOODS. Present, Imperfect, Imperative and Potential. §383. With reference to the various modifications which the root undergoes in the Special tenses and moods the verbs are divided into ten conjugational classes by Sanskṛt grammarians, each class being denominated after the root which begins it; riz. (1) भ्वादि, (2) अवादि, (8) जुहोत्यादि, (4) दिवादि, (5) स्वादि, (6) तुदादि, (7) रुधादि, (8) तनादि (9) क्र्यादि, and (10) चुरादि § 384. The roots contained in the first nine classes and a few of the tenth are primitive roots, while almost all roots of the tenth class, the Causals, Desiderative, Frequentatives, Denominatives and the roots गुप्, धूप, विच्छ्, पण्, पन्, ऋत्, and कम् are comprised under the head of Derivative roots. § 385. These ten classes may again be conveniently divided into two groups, the first comprising the 1st, 4th, 6th, and 10th classes, and the second the remaining. In the first the base ends in and remains unchanged throughout; while in the second it does not end in and is changeable. I GROUP 1. ROOTS WITH UNCHANGEABLE BASES. (1st, 4th, 6th, and 10th, classes ), § 386. Terminations:— |