विष, वर्ष, चमस ' a sacrificial vessel of a particular shape,' अंस, रस, निर्यास exudation of trees, उपवास, कार्पास 'any thing made of cot• ton,' वास, मास, कास, कंस 'a drinking cup,' मांस, द्रोण, n. a wooden vessel or cup, आढक, बाण, काण्ड, वक्त्र, अरण्य, गाण्डीव ‘the bow of Arjuna,' शील m a large serpent, मूल, मङ्गल, साल, कमल m. the sârasa bird, name of Brahmà, तल, मुसल, कुण्डल, पलल, m.fa demon, n. flesh,' मृणाल, बाल, निगाल 'a horse's neck,' पलाल 'forage,' बिडाल a cat, the eye-ball, खिल a piece of waste or uncultivated land, शूल, पद्म, उत्पल m. a kind of plant, शत, अयुत, प्रयुत, पत्र the blade of a sword, a knife, पात्र, पवित्र, सूत्र and छत्र m. a mushroom ; n. & parasol, an umbrella.

VI. WonDs FEMININE AND NEUTER.

§ $ 360. स्थूण णा 'the post or pillar of a house,' असि light, and लक्षं-क्षा one hundred thousand (according to some m. also).

CHAPTER XI.

--:0:

AVYAYAS OR INDECLINABLES.

§ 361. That is an Aryaya whose formn remaining the same in all the genders, numbers and cases, undergoes no change. The Avyayas may be divided into simple and compound. The latter

are treated of in the chapter on compounds (Avyayîbhàvas and a few Bahuvrihis and Tatpurushas).

362. The indeclinables comprise (I.) Prepositions, (II.) Adverbs, (III.) Particles, (IV.) Conjunctions, and (V.) Interjections.

§ 363. Besides these there are in Sankrit a few nouns having one inflection only which are treated as indeclinables (nipàtas); e. g. अन्यत् another reason, अस्तम् setting' अस्ति that exists, ओम् the well-known sacred syllable om, satisfaction, food, coaxing नमस a bow, नास्ति non-existence भूर the earth भुवर sky, वाद the dark fortnight, शन् happiness शुदि or सुदि the bright fortnight, संवत् a year, स्वाहा food offered to gods, स्वधा food offered to the manes, heaven, f happiness &c.

I, PREPOSITIONS,

§364. A preposition, styled 'Upasarga or Gati,' in Sanskṛt, is an indeclinable word, having an independent meaning and prefixed to verbs and also to their derivatives. These prepositions modify, intensify and sometimes totally alter the senses of roots; e. g. to strike,' 'to eat, to perform as a sacrifice,' contract,

to sport,' f'to avoid,' &c.' prefixed without any alteration in the sense.

* धात्वर्थ बाधते कश्चित्कश्चित्तमनुवर्तते ।

तमेव विशिष्टघन्य उपसर्गगतिस्त्रिधा ||

'to

Sometimes they are

Cf. also Sid, Kau. उपसर्गेण धात्वर्थो बलादन्यत्र नीयते ।

प्रहाराहारसंहारविहारपरिहारवत् ॥

Some think that prepositions have no meaning of their own, but they simply bring to light when prefixed to roots their hidden senses. (Cf. Sis. X. 15).

$ 365. The following are the prepositions (upasargas) commonly prefixed to roots:

-beyond, over'; fa: overstepping' or 'going beyond,' fa gift'; &c.

-over, above,' &c.;

: 'going up, acquisition,

'high office or power,' : 'censure,' &c.

अनु—' after, behind, along, ' &e; अनुक्रमणं 'following,' अनुकृतिः 'imitation,' : 'favour,' &c.

:

अप--' away from, away,' अपनयनं the act of taking away,' अपह 'to plunder, seize,' &c. : 'harm, wrong,' &c.

(sometimes f)-near to,' 'over,' taking to,' &c.;

be resolved into or reduced to*, ' अपिधानं or पिधानं ' a covering,' 'destruction,' &c.

This pre, is more commonly used as an independent adverb having a cumulative force in classical Sanskrt.

— towards, near to,' &c.;

'to go towads,'

‘noble descent or family', अभिमानः 'self-respect', अभिभू 'to defeat,' &c.

(sometimes; see a and ft. note)-away, off, down', &c.

अव or — वगाह 'to plunge into', अवतारः 'descent, अवगीत 'reproached', 'to disrespect,' &c.

up to, towards, all round, a little,' &c.;

to cover

all round,' : 'form or shape (within due bounds),' that which shines all round' i. e. the 'ether'; to shake a little', &c.

Cf. aña 3⁄4fa, &c. Shàrira Bhashya. According to the grammarian Bhaguri the prepositions af and 37 may optionally lose their अ ( भारिलो नवा प्योरुभयोरपि । Sid. Kau.).

उर्—र्–'upon', &c.; उङ्गन् 'to go up', उद्यन: 'industry,' उत्सर्ग : 'pour

ing out, hence a gift, a general rule,' &c.

-near to, towards, by the side of', &c.;

'to go near to,'

उपकृति f. an obligation, उपरति 'death,' उपस्थानं praise

worship,' ff. 'compassion,' &c.

दुम्-र्-'bad, hard to be done, &c.; दुराचार: bad conduct,' दुष्कर 'hard to be done,' : 'difficult to be borne,' &c.

f-in, into, great, opposed to,' &c.; 'to insult,' 'a house,' 'a heap, a great collection,' fata “drunk in,' f'command,' &c.

fa--'out of, away from, without,' &c. f: 'to issue out,' : 'a passage out,' front of i, e. free from blame,' fa:

'without doubt', &c.

-away, back, opposed to,' &c. ч 'to reject, to despise', KE 'to act bravely,' 'gone away,'

'turned back'

what is opposed to victory, defeat', &c.

fall round, about', &c.; чf 'to place all round' i, e. 'to put on or wear', ff: a wall,' &c. that surrounds,

--

'to move apart,

fa 'to be separated,' ft opp. of 'to sell,' to buy,' &c.; sometimes this has an intensive force.

together with, excellent, full, &,;, to be united, 16 s. G.

संस्कार: 'perfection, ' संस्कृति 'refinement,' संहार 'destruc

tion,' contraction,' &c.

-well', 'thoroughly,' &c.; (in this sense it is opposed to ), सुकृतं 'done well', सुशासित 'thoroughly trained, well go

§ 366.

verned', &c. It is also used in the sense of 'very, ex

cessively';

Two or more of

very great,

these prepositions may also be com. bined and prefixed; e. g. af to enter into with resolution,' समुपागम् 'to come in close contact with,' &c.

§ 367. When used in a compound the verb may be omitted after the prepositions अति, अधि, अनु, अप, भभि, उभ, and प्रतिः 23 अतिक्रान्तो मालां अतिमाल: &o. Vide $ 231.

§ 368. There are several other words, also styled Gati by Sanskṛt grammarians, used prepositionally. These are prefixed to certain roots only. We give the more important of them below.

(a) अच्छ* 'towards' is prefixed to वच् and to roots implying motion; अच्छगम्य-गत्य 'going near', अच्छपतत् 'to fly towards, ' अच्छो. 'having spoken to.'

(b) (1) अन्वाजे 'giving strength to the weak,' अलं in the sense of 'decorating,,KŮ, zů, go all implying 'assent, acceptance or promise,' खात् and similar imitative sounds, असत् and सत् in the sense of 'deshonouring or honouring;' denoting fastening', &c. are prefixed to कृ; अन्वाजेकरणम्, ऊरीकरणम्, असत्कारः, सत्कृत्य, खात्कृत्य, प्राध्वंकरणम, &c.

(2) नमः, प्रादुः, मिथ्या, वशे, साक्षात् and some other words may be optionally prefixed to कॄ or remain separate, नमस्कारः, वशेक़ or