only. Before these the last vowel of a word with the following consonant if any is dropped; eg लघु-लघीयस्, लघिष्ठ, पटु, पटीयस्, पटिठ; महत्-महीयस, महिष्ठ, &c.

$ 174. The possessive affixes at the end of words and the affix are dropped before and † and then these terminations are applied subject to the above rule; eg . मतिमत् talented मतीयस, मतिष्ठ; मेधाविन्-मेधीयस्, मेधिष्ठ; धनिन्-धनीयस् धनिष्ठ; कर्तृकरीयस्, करिष्ठ (अतिशयेन कर्ता); स्तोत्र - स्तवीयस्, स्तर्विष्ठ; 80 स्रजीयस्, स्रजिष्ठ from स्रग्विन् one haring a garland &c.

$ 175. ‡r is substituted for the ॠ (short) of a base preceded by & consonant before ईयस्, इष्ठ and the Tad. aff. इमन् ; eg.

§ 176. The following is an alphabetical list of the irregular

comparatives and superlatives that are commonly met with:

* अजादो (i. e. ईयम् and इष्ठ) गुणवचनादेव | Pan. V. 3. 98

1 विन्मतालुक । तुरिष्टेनेयः सु | Pan. VI. 4, 154,

+ ऋतो रहलादेर्लघोः | Pan. VI. 4. 161.

६ अन्तिक बढ्यो दध | Pan V. 3. 36.

युवात्पयोः कननन्यतरस्याम् | Pan, V, 3. 64,

* नियस्थिर स्फिर उरु बहुल गुरु द्वत् दीर्घवृन्दारकाणां प्रस्थस्वहि गर्वत्र प्राधिवृन्दाः | Pân. VI. 4. 156. प्र, स्थ, स्फ, वर, &c. are substituted for प्रिय, स्थिर, स्फिर &c. respectively.

+ स्थूलदूत्युपक्षिनक्षत्रागां यगादिपरं पूर्वस्य च गुगः Pàn. VI. 4. 156. The words स्थूल &c. drop their final portion beginning with यण् (य्, र, ॡ or व्) and the preceding vowel takes guna.

|| प्रशस्यस्य श्रः | ज्य च | वृद्धस्य च | Pan. V, 3. 60-62.

+ बहोलोंपो भूच बहोः | इष्ठस्य यिट् च | Pàn, VI. 4. 158-159.

§ 177. Sometimes the terminations ♬ and ♬ are added to the and to intensify the meaning; as ft.

comp. and super. in

यस्तर, पापीयस्तम, श्रेष्ठतर, श्रेष्ठतम.

CHAPTER VII

COMPOUNDS.

§ 178. Vṛtti (f) is the general term for any complex formation in San kṛt requiring explanation or resolution These Vṛttis or the formation of words from roots or the formation of derivative bases

are five in number; viz. hafa
by primary affixes; afai
from nouns by secondary affixes;
vative verbs from primitive roots;

for the formation of deri

for the formation of a

compound word by the composition of several words; and

for the composition of words in which one of several nouns generally alike in form is retained. The first three will be treated in their proper places. We will treat of the last two in this chapter.

§ 179. In Sanskrt simple words, whether substantives, adjec tives, verbs or indeclinables, have the power of entering into combination with one another and forming what are called 'sama'sas”,' compound words or in short, compounds.

(a) A compound thus formed may further be compounded with another simple or compound word and this again may become the member of a new compound,

§ 180. In a compound, as a general rule, words are simply joined together, without any relation between the component parts being actually expressed; the whole compound word has the power to express the various relations that exist between the several

# From are with a to throw together.

अस् सम्

parts. The last word only takes the case termination required by its grammatical position in a sentence, the remaining words (those ending in a consonant) generally assuming their crude forms before the consonantal case terminations; eg विवस् + जनः = विद्वज्जनः (see below), राजन् + पुरुषः राजपुरुषः, &c.

§ 181. Final vowels or consonants (modified as mentioned above) of preceding members of compounds combine with the initial letters of the succeeding members according to the usual rules of sandhi.

§ 182. In a few cases, the intermediate members retain their case endings in which case the compounds are called Aluk (3⁄41⁄2); e. g. देवानांप्रियः a fool, युधिष्ठिरः name of the eldest Pandava &c.

§ 183. The expounding of a Samâsa (i. e. giving its Vigrahava'ky) consists in the expression of the various relations existing between the objects or ideas denoted by the various members of a samisa by means of the proper cases or subordinate sentences.

(a) When the Vigrahara' kya cannot be given or cannot be given by using the words actually compounded, the compound is called nityasamisa (अविग्रहो नित्यसमासः अस्वपदविग्रहो वा । Sid. Kau.).

§ 184. Compounds are divided into four principal classes:*

*This is true only generally speaking. For there is a fifth class of compounds riz, T-compounds not governed by any of the rules given under the four classes but explained on the general principle that any subanta pada may be compounded with any other subanta pala. According to some there are six kinds of compounds riz. § gar faa arar ygarı fast fast i gazâârâ fîàz: 89r8: qfzúr gille.g. सुगं सुना राजपुरुषः । तिङा पर्यभूत् । नाम्रा कुम्भकारः । धातुना कट, अजस्रम् | तिङझ fâsı (qza@real, @gañizar | fası qur paftag`fa zeqi jhuaj ar Fन्तविचक्षणा | एहीडादयोन्यपदार्थे इति मयूरव्यंसकादौ पाठात्समासः | Sid. Kau,

(1) Dwandwa or Copulative, (2) Tatpurusha or Determinative, (3) Bahurrihi or Attributive, and (4) Aryayibha'ra or Adverbial,

N. B. These names themselves mean nothing i. e, they do not denote any of the characteristics of the different compounds. They are simply proper names distinguishing the various classes from one another (to which they vaguely refer if they do so at all). DWANDWA OR THE COPULATIVE COMPOUNDS.

§ 185. A Dwandwa compound consists of two or more nouns which, if not compounded, would be connected by the copulative particle च* (and); as (नकुष्णो which is equal to रानः च कृष्णः चः पाणिपादं which is the same as पाणीच पाच. There are three species of the Dwandwa; iz. इतरेतरद्वन्द्व, समाहारद्वन्द्व and एकशेष..

§ 186. When the several members of a Dwandwa compound are viewed separately it is called Itaretara Dwandwa; e. 9. fat fof, cut down the Dhava and the Khadira trees.' In this species each member is of equal importance i, e. has its own independent meaning. It takes the dual or the plural according as the objects denoted by it are two or more in number; the gender of the final noun is the gender of the whole; † as कुक्कटश्च cock मयूरी

* चार्थे द्वन्द्व : Pan. II. 2. 22.

†The Ekashesha in not strictly speaking a subdivision of Dwandwa. It is a separate Vrtti by itself (Vide § 178). Sanskṛt grammarians do not regard it as a Dwandwa, though it may be so regarded for the sake of convenience. 'It is not a Dwandwa,' remirks Bhattoji Dikshita 'as it does not contain more than one subanta,' (3⁄4ध¶¶¶ xâ a).' It should be further remembered that since it is not a sin's its final vowel does not become uda'tta, as in the case of a Dwandwa compound.