sh-a,
sh-th-ya,

sh-t-ya, sh-t-ra, ga sh-t-r-ya, g sh--va, sh-th-ra, sh-ṇa, co sh-a-ya, q sh-pa, ssh-p-ra,

sh-ma, c✈ sh-ya.

EĦ 8-ka, Fŋ s-kha, xa s-ta, eeu s-t-ya, ka or ♬ s-t-ra, F¶ 8-t-va

☛ sh-va, ₹ s-tha, 7 s-na, F s-n-ya, ¶ s-pa, ₹5 8-pha, ₹7 8-ma, FS-ya, s-ra, s-va, E s-sa.

☎ h-ṇa, ☎ h-na, ♬ h-ma, r-ha, h-ra, l-ha, gh-va,

हू ल्ह

Sometimes five consonants are found in conjunction: e. g. -t-s-n-ya, as in

12. As sandhi is of primary importance in Sauskṛt, vira'ma or pause can be indicated only at the end of a sentence. The signs of punctuation, therefore, are only two, and . The former is used to mark the close of a sentence or the first half o` a sloka or poetical stanza; the latter is employed to denote the close of a sloka.

(a) The sign callel Avagraha (and which represents half Ardhikira) is generally employed to mark the elision of short अ after or ओ . 9. ते ( ते + अपि ), कालोऽस्ति (कालो + area). The double mark 55 is sometimes used to indicate the elision of अr after initial long आ; तथा + आस्ते तथाऽऽस्ते.

(c) The mark is sometimes used to show

omitted, and which is to be understood from the

may stan-1 for अर्जुन, • प्रार्थी for कवि यशः प्रार्थी, &c.

that something is

context; e. g. 37°

13. Short vowels when followed by conjunct consonants are

said to be prosidially long.

1

§ 14. The vowels अ, ए, ओ, and the syllables भर and अल् are called Guna; the vowels a,, at and the syllables ser and

are called Vṛddhi.* The Guna and Vṛddhi vowels and syllables that are substituted for the simple vowels

following table:

will appear from the

§ 15. The three semivowels, and are sometimes nasalised and then they are written with the anunàsika sign over them, as *,, .

16 The numerical figures in Sanskṛt are:

These are combined to express larger figures precisely in the same way as in English; 125, 48 540, &c.

* इद्धिरादैच् | ३. देङ्गुण्ः | उरण् रपरः | Pn. 1. 1. 2, 1, 51,

..

is meant the coalescence of two letters coming in immediate contact with each other. *

(a) Samhitat or sandhi is necessary in the case of the internal structure of a pita, prepositions and roots, and a compound word (समास), while in that of a sentence ie in the case of the finals and initials of the different words in a sentence, it depends on the will of the writer.

I SVARASANDHI, OR THE COMBINATION OF FINAL AND

INITIAL VOWELS.

§ 18. If a simple vowel, short or long, be followed by a similar vowel short or long, the substitute for them both is a long vowel;Ş e. g. दैत्य + अरिः = दैत्यारिः; अत्र + आसीत् = अत्रासॉत; यदा + अभवत् = यशभवत्; विद्या + आतुरः = विद्या तुरः eager to gain knowledge; इति + इव- इतीव; अपि + ईशते = अपीक्षते; श्री + ईशः = श्रीचः भानुः +उदयः=भानूदयः; साधु + ऊचु = साधूचुः; चमू + ऊर्जः = चमूर्ज: the strength of the army; कर्तृ + ऋजु = कतृजुः कृ + ऋकार = कृकारः; होतृ +लकारः=होतृकारः the škâra pion unced by the sacrificer (since there is no long long is substituted for both).

( a ) If ॠ or ऌ be followed by a short ॠ or ऌ, short ॠ

परः संनिकर्षः संहिता | Pan. 1. 4. 109. Samhita is the extreme contingity of letters.

↑ संहितैकपदे नित्या नित्या धातूपसर्गयोः । नित्या समासे वाक्ये तु सा विवशामपहते || Sid Káu.

This couplet gives the rule for the observance of Sandhi.

§ भकः सवर्णे दीर्घः | Pan. VI. 1. 101.

are ऌ is optionally substituted for both;* होतृ + ऋकारः = होटकारः; and also होतृऋकारः ( vide $ 22 see. b. ), 80 three forms altogether हातॄकारः होतृकारः; aud होतृऋकार; होतृ + लकारः = होल्लकारः andi also होतृऌकारः.

$19. When अ or आ is followed by इ, उ, ऋ or ऌ short or'

long, the letter corresponding to the latter takes the place of गुण both ↑ ; e. g. उप + इन्द्रः = उपेद्रः Vishnu परम + ईश्वरः=परमेश्वरः the great lord; रमा + इच्छा = रभेच्छा, the wish of Rama; यथा + ईप्सितं = यथेप्सितम् according as what is desired, हित + उपदेशः = हितोपदेशः friendly instruction; कृष्ण + ऊरुः = कृष्णोरुः Krshna's thigh; गङ्गा + उदकँ=गंङ्गोदकम्, महा + ऊरुः = महोरुः, कृष्ण + ऋद्धिः कृष्णः Krshua's prosperity; महा + ऋषि = महर्षिः a great sage; तव + लकारः =तवल्कारः The ! kára pronounced by you.

=

(a) If a consonant be followed by homogeneous consonants except the nasals, the semivowels, and हैं, the first of them is optionally dropped); कृष्ण + ऋद्भिः =कृष्णद्धिः by the general rule; then कृष्णर् + व् + + इः = कृष्णधिः by this rule the द् being dropped; and also a third form कृष्णः ; ( vide § 21, see, d.).

(b) A consonant of the first five classes except coming after a semivowel is optionally doubled; so तवल्कार also becomes तबल्कारः, तवल्लकारः and तवलंकार:, 4 forms altogether.

ऋति सवर्णे वा । लति सवर्ण ऌ वा | Vartikas on the above. ↑ आगुण: | Pan. VI. 1. 86.

झरो झरि सवणें | Pan VIII. 4. 65.

Exceptions:-Viddhi substitute takes place in the following

cases.

*

(a) When a word ending in 37 is followed by, and by ऊह, ऊढ and ऊड़ि; . 9. पृष्ठ + ऊहः = प्रष्ठौहः, chief guess; or this the yoke. may be the acc. pl. of प्रष्ठवाद a young bull trained to प्र + ऊहः, प्रौहः principal reasoning, 30 प्रौढः fall grown; प्रौडि:, but प्रोढवान्.

:

(b ) अ + ऊहिनी = अतौहिणी, a complete army.† (The change अत of न् to य् will be explained furtheron).

(c) When is followed by and

both derived from ईर to g०; ९. 9. स्व + ई =स्त्रैः, one acting wilfully; self willed; स्व + रिणी = स्वैरिणी; 80 स्वेर, स्वैरी, ( स्वेन ईरितुं शीलनस्य इति ).

(d) When is followed by and there is an Inst Tat; ॐ तुख+ऋतः=खार्तः blessed with happiness ( उखेन ऋतः ); but चरवर्तः very adorable (परमश्वासौ ऋतश्च ).

( e ) When the word ऋण comes after प्र. वत्सतर, कम्बल, वसन, aul ऋग; प्र+ऋ principal debt, so वत्सतराणं debt for a

=

* एत्येधत्यू | Pan. VI. 1. 89. The first part of the stitra ( viz प्रत्येवति ) forms & counter exception to $ 20. a. ( which see. ); -अज्ञाद् हन्यामुपसंख्यानम्' 'वादीरेरिगो ः ' 'ऋने च तृतीया समासे' 'एवत्सतर कम्बलवमनार्गदशा मृणे' Vártikas on the above Sutra.

f Properly an army consisting of 21870 chariots, as many 109850 foot, अक्षौहित्र्याः प्रसंख्याता रथाelephants, 65610 horse and नां द्विजप्तत्तमाः । संख्या गणिततत्वज्ञैः सहस्राण्येकविंशतिः || शतान्युपरि चैटौ तथा भूयश्च सतातेः । गजानां तु परीमाणमेतदेव विनिर्दिशेत् ॥ ज्ञेयं शतसहस्रं तु सहस्राणि नवैव त । नराणामपि पञ्चाशच्छतानि त्रीणि चानघाः ॥ पञ्चषा सहस्राणि तथा श्वानां शता ने च । दशे नराणि षट पाहुयादिह संख्या || Mah Bhár. Ad, P. 11. 23. 26.