This population, with the addition of 800,000 Jews, he divides according to races and religions as follows:

10,000,000 Slaves, of whom 9,000,000 are assigned to the Orthodox Greek Church, and 1,000,000 to the Roman Catholics. 4,000,000 of indigenous Greeks belonging to the Orthodox

Church.

4,100,000 Mussulmans.

800,000 Jews.

200,000 Gypsies without any known religion.

100,000 Miridites, nominally Roman Catholics, but in fact semi-savage mountaineers.

This calculation is evidently too high all round, except perhaps in the case of the Gypsies.

Mr. Farley, who knows Turkey as well as most men, gives the following statistics, in his work on Turks and Christians':

while, according to religious profession, there are,

Mr. Denton puts the non-Turkish races of Turkey at 11,583,700, and the Turks at 1,260,000. While as to religion he gives the Christians at 10,673,700, and

the Mussulmans at 2,200,000.

This calculation does

not include Roumania, to which Mr. Denton gives a population of 4,500,000, or Servia, with a population of 1,340,000.1

Sir George Campbell reckons the population of European Turkey, excluding the tributary States, at 8,000,000 or 9,000,000, and thinks that, 'including Constantinople, it is probably more.' The non-Mahomedans he puts at 3,500,000, and the Christians at 5,500,000. Bulgaria, however, is the only province which he professes to have investigated in person, and there he thinks that the population is more than 5,000,000. But the Bulgarian delegates, Messrs. Zancoff and Balabanow,2 assert that the Bulgarian Christians alone amount to 5,000,000, the remainder of the population consisting of 450,000 Pomaks and 350,000 Turks. This would raise the population of Bulgaria to 5,800,000, an estimate which, for reasons stated hereafter, I believe to be not far from the truth. There would remain, therefore, only from 3,000,000 to 4,000,000 to all the rest of European Turkey outside the vassal States, if we are to reckon the whole population at from 8,000,000 to 9,000,000. But this would clearly be far below the mark, and the inevitable conclusion is that the whole population is much larger than Sir George Campbell puts it. He gives the Greeks over 2,000,000 in all. The Christian Albanians, Bosnians, and Koutzo-Wallachs and the Armenians settled in Europe, together with the Jews and other races and sects, he puts down at 2,000,000 more. This is far too low an estimate. The Mussulmans in Europe he reckons at 3,200,000 of which he gives 2,000,000 to the Turks, 500,000 being assigned to Constantinople alone. This calcula

1 Christians in Turkey, pp. 32-3. 2 Bulgaria, pp. 7-3.

tion does a great deal more than justice to the Turks. Let us test it by Constantinople alone. Petermann and Lejean, who are standard authorities, give an estimate of the Turk and Rayah population of Constantinople and its environs, including both shores of the Bosphorus, based on statistics which were verified in 1856, and the result is 353,600 Turks against 246,000 Rayahs.1 The relative numbers have, of course, varied during the last twenty years; but this variation has certainly not been in favour of the Turk. Sir George himself is of opinion that 2,000,000 is too high an estimate of the Turks in Europe. Mr. Denton puts them down at about 1,260,000, and I am disposed to think that even this is a liberal allowance.

It is to be hoped that the reader is now in a position to appreciate the difficulty of supplying him with trustworthy statistics as to the numbers, races, and religions of the European population of Turkey. I believe, however, that an approximate estimate of tolerable accuracy may be arrived at, and in the following way :-Instead of trusting to Turkish officials, let us take any writers of note who have made a special study of particular provinces, and we shall find, if I mistake not, that the Christians of Turkey in Europe are more numerous than they are supposed to be, and the Turks less so. We have seen already that Sir George Campbell reckons the Christian population of Bulgaria as probably over 5,000,000. I have no doubt that a personal inquiry in other provinces would yield him a similar result. But let us question other authorities.

And first as to Bulgaria. Sir George Campbell's estimate of the population of Bulgaria is corroborated

1 Ethnographie der Europaïschen Turkei. Von D. A. Petermann und G. Lejcan, pp. 34-5.

by the independent testimony of the two Bulgarian delegates who have lately been visiting the capitals of · Europe. They put down, as we have seen, the Christian population at 5000,000, and the Mussulmans at 800,000. This gives a maximum of 5,800,000. But of these Mussulmans there are only 350,000 Turks, who are chiefly to be found in garrison towns. The rest of the Bulgarian Mussulmans, who are known by the name of Pomaks, are the descendants of Christians, chiefly of the upper class, who, on the conquest of their country by the Turks, embraced Islam in the hope of retaining their privileges and escaping the degradation and cruelties which have ever been the lot of the Christian subjects of Turkey. These Pomaks are described by the Bulgarian delegates as true Bulgarians, having preserved the customs and even the names of their nation. The greater part of them do not even know a single word of Turkish, and were it not for the Mohammedan authorities, who excite their religious fanaticism, they would ever live in perfect harmony with their Christian fellow-country

men.'

Kanitz, in his elaborate work on Bulgaria, concludes, from inquiries made by him in the province itself, that the entire Bulgarian nation consists of about 6,030,000, consisting of 5,670,000 members of the Orthodox Greek Church, 300,000 Mussulman Slaves, and 60,000 Roman Catholics. In this enumeration, however, Kanitz includes not only Bulgarians resident in Old Servia, but also those resident in Roumania and the Crimea.

1 Donau-Bulgarien und der Balkan: Historisch-geogra phisch-ethnographisch Reisestudien aus den Jahren 1860-1875.

p. 141.

On the whole, then, we shall probably be not far from the truth if we say that the Slave population of Bulgaria, embracing both sides of the Balkans, is somewhere about 6,000,000, of whom about 450,000 are Mussulmans, the Turkish element adding about 350,000

more.

Let us next take Bosnia and Herzegovina. A very careful and full account of these provinces was published in 1868 by Major Roskiewicz, an officer on the General Staff of the Austrian army. According to him there are hardly any resident Turks, and the Mussulmans altogether amount to 383,000, including 323,000 Arnouts dwelling in the district of Novibazar, and 6,000 in Herzegovina. 'The Arnouts,' says Roskiewicz, living in the district of Novibazar among the Greeks, are related to the Albanian stock, and have adopted the Albanian language and costume.' The members of the Orthodox Church are by far the largest factor in the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina, amounting in the former to 460,000, and in the latter to 75,000.—in all, 535,000. The Roman Catholics of Bosnia number 135,000, occupying 19,000 houses. Those of Herzegovina number 47,180-in all, 182,180. Add to this about 5,200 Jews in Bosnia, and 500 in Herzegovina, and the result is 717,180 Christians, as against 383,000 Mohammedans and 5,700 Jews.1

In Bosnia and the Herzegovina, therefore, as in Bulgaria, we see that the number of the Christian population is increased, while that of the Mussulmans is diminished, in proportion to the accuracy of the statistics. It is so also in Roumania and Servia, as we have already seen, and we may safely assume therefore,

1 Studien über Bosnien und die Herzegovina. Von Johann Roskiewicz, K.K. Major im Generalstabe, pp. 78-82.

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