Air Pollution and Community Health: A Critical Review and Data SourcebookJohn Wiley & Sons, 17 de maig 1994 - 576 pàgines Air Pollution and Community Health A Critical Review and Data Sourcebook Frederick W. Lipfert Air pollution has affected community health since the advent of the industrial age and arguably since the discovery of fire. While organized societies have taken important steps to reduce and control emissions, the quality of the air we breathe today remains a critical concern. Air Pollution and Community Health transforms the major epidemiological works of the past 40 years into a coherent picture of the effects of air pollution on respiration, hospitalization, and mortality. The book re-evaluates these studies to clarify their findings within a consistent analytical framework and to define statistical relationships between various measures of community health and air quality. Lipfert emphasizes observational studies and the quality of the data used. The book is organized by health endpoint rather than by pollutant, beginning with the major air pollution disasters that helped galvanize the environmental revolution. His analysis shows that community air pollution acts primarily to exacerbate existing conditions in susceptible individuals, rather than to create new cases of respiratory disease. He concludes that "the alarms that sounded over 40 years ago are still ringing"--substantial health risks are still presented by the current urban mixtures of air pollution. Many of the studies reviewed suggest that the current ambient air quality standards required by the Clean Air Act fail to protect the health of the most susceptible individuals. Further, because of the role of natural sources of air pollution, questions are raised as to whether complete protection can ever be achieved. The book presents data from many of the epidemiological studies reviewed, including those of the major disasters of 1930-1960. Graphical presentations are featured for easy reference; many new analyses are presented here for the first time. The book also includes introductory chapters on air pollution, statistical analysis, and respiratory physiology, for the convenience of readers who may not be well versed in all of these topics. The major technical chapters on mortality and hospitalization include reviews of the effects of air pollution episodes, time-series analyses, cross-sectional studies, and long-term studies of pollution abatement. The chapters on respiratory function include both the effects of air pollution on function and the role of lung function as an independent predictor of longevity. Air Pollution and Community Health presents one of the first comprehensive analyses of the subject. It should be used to re-examine the effectiveness of air pollution research and control policies in the United States and is essential reading for all professionals involved in air pollution control or public health. |
Continguts
Purpose and Scope | 3 |
A Primer on Air Pollution Past and Present | 10 |
Methodological and Statistical Considerations | 61 |
A Primer on Physiological Effects of Air Pollution and Measurement | 92 |
Mortality Studies | 109 |
TimeSeries Studies of Mortality | 142 |
CrossSectional Studies of LongTerm Effects on Mortality | 210 |
LongTerm Temporal Studies of Mortality | 309 |
CrossSectional Studies of Hospital UseSummary of Hospitalization | 414 |
Synthesis of Hospitalization Studies | 427 |
Air Pollution Effects on Lung Function | 435 |
Synthesis and Conclusions | 497 |
Summary Conclusions and Implications | 516 |
Summary of the Associations between Air Pollution | 523 |
A Call to Action | 536 |
Studies of Selected Morbidity Effects of | 345 |
Frases i termes més freqüents
acidity acute aerosol air pollution air quality ambient analysis annual associated asthma average TSP bronchitis cardiovascular Chapter chronic concentrations confounding correlation County cross-sectional studies daily mortality data set diagnoses Dockery dose-response relationships ecological effects of air elasticity emissions Environmental Epidemiology episode estimated excess deaths excess mortality FEV1 Figure health effects heart disease hospital admissions included increased independent variables indoor Lave and Seskin linear Lipfert log-linear model London long-term lung cancer lung function males maximum mean measurements morbidity mortality rates multiple regression NO₂ oxidants ozone particulate peak flow percentage period plots pollution levels population population density pulmonary ratio regional regression coefficients reported respiratory admissions respiratory disease responses Schwartz seasonal showed smoke and SO2 SMSA SO₂ socioeconomic sources spirometry statistically significant Steubenville sulfate sulfur sulfur oxides temperature temporal time-series studies total mortality trends values versus winter µg/m³
Referències a aquest llibre
The Full Costs and Benefits of Transportation: Contributions to Theory ... David L. Greene,Donald W. Jones Previsualització limitada - 1997 |
The Urban Atmosphere and Its Effects Peter Brimblecombe,Robert L. Maynard Previsualització limitada - 2001 |