tiate in those two places to have been the preparation of Edmund Campion for his martyrdom. They tell us that, before he left Brünn, he was warned of the death he was to die." See Simpson's Biography.)

Dr Lingard says that Campion was racked four times, and that "he was kept on that engine of torture till it was thought he had expired."

In Richard Simpson's Biography we find considerable mention of this holy young man's sufferings. The torments he endured in the Tower were duly entered in the diary of Edward Rishton, his fellow-prisoner. Also, Norton, one of the Queen's commissioners, alludes to his tortures, and that he had been “pulled one foot longer than ever God made him," &c., in a letter he wrote to Walsingham. (See History of Campion, by Simpson, published by Williams & Norgate, Covent Garden).

In the "Annales or General Chronicle of England, by Maister John Stow, 1615," we find the following notice of Campion and other fellowmartyrs, of some of whom will be given a somewhat fuller history in this book.

"On the 20th of November, Edmund Champion, Jesuit, Ralfe Sherwine, Lucas Kerbie, Edward Rishton, Thomas Coteham, Henrie Orton, Robert Johnson, and James Bosgrave, were brought to the high bar at Westminster, where they were severally and altogether indicted upon high treason. ... This laid to their charge they boldly denied, but by a iuri they were approoved guiltie, and had

iudgement to bee hanged, bowelled, and quartered. The 1st of December, Edmund Champion, Jesuit, Ralfe Sherwine, and Alexander Brian, seminary priests, were drawne from the Tower of London to Tyborne, and there hanged, bowelled, and quartered (1581). John Paine, priest, being indicted of high treason, for some words spoken by him to one Eliot, was arraigned and condemned at Chelmsford on the last of March, and was then executed on the 2nd day of Aprill. On the 28th day of May, Thomas Ford, John Shert, and Robert Johnson, priests, having been before indicted, arraigned, and condemned for high treason intended, as yee have heard of Champion and others, were drawne from the Tower to Tyborne, and there hanged, bowelled, and quartered. And on the 30th, Luke Kirby, William Filby, Thomas Cottam, and Laurence Richardson, were for the like treason in the same place likewise executed" (p. 694).

In Dod's "Church History of England," vol. ii. p. 115, we find an account of the martyrdom of Mr THOMAS COTTAM (or Coteham, as Stow spells the name), born in Lancashire "of sufficient parents, capable of affording him a liberal education." He studied at Brazen-nose College, Oxford, and was made Bachelor of Arts, March 23rd, 1568. Afterwards he took the direction of a noted free school, where he privately entered the Roman communion, and his conscience forbidding a mere occasional conformity, he went to Rheims, made

to Rome, where he continued his studies at the English college. The climate not agreeing with him, he returned to Rheims, where he was priested and sent to England with Mr Hart and Mr Rishton. Landing at Dover about June 16th, he was at once seized by priest-catchers, who watched for the landing of their prey at sea-port towns.

Mr Ely, a doctor of civil and canon law, and a professor in Douay, happening to be at Dover, and being acquainted with the person who took charge of Cottam, promised to see him conducted to London, and that he should appear when required; meaning to give him a chance of escape. This happened, according to his charitable wish. But shortly after the man first charged with Cottam, finding he had not made his appearance before the Secretary of State, found out Dr Ely's lodgings, and told him that, unless the prisoner should appear, he and his family would be utterly ruined. Hearing of this, Mr Cottam generously delivered himself up to his keeper, and after an examination, was committed to the Tower. was tried together with Campion, Sherwin, and others, November 20th, 1581, and condemned; but was reprieved from time to time, at the intercession of several friends. At last, however, the warrant was signed, and he suffered at Tyburn, May 30th, 1582, with Luke Kirkby, William Filby, and Lawrence Richardson.

He

Even when the rope was about his neck, the sheriff offered him a reprieve, on his submission;

and misunderstanding his reply, it was being taken off and orders given for his descent from the cart. At this moment, looking up, Mr Cottam saw Richardson turned off; upon which he cried out, "Sweet Jesus receive thy soul, and my dear Lawrence, forget me not in thy prayers!"

Being now standing on the ground, those in office addressed him, as Dod says, "with many kind and soothing speeches," expecting he would make some kind of confession and renounce his faith. They also said they believed he had only come to England to recover his health, as he appeared far gone in consumption. Apprised of their design, and that they had misunderstood his meaning, he "raised his voice with a kind of holy indignation, and protested that he would rather lose a thousand lives, than depart the least tittle from the doctrine of the Catholic Church.

Upon this the sheriff declared him an obstinate and incorrigible fellow; and causing a gap to be made in the crowd, showed him the hanging-man cutting open and quartering one of his companions. At this terrible spectacle, Mr Cottam, looking up, exclaimed, "Lord, have mercy upon him! What a dismal spectacle is this! Lord Jesus, strengthen me, and grant me grace to persevere to the end of this trial."

Once more he was pushed up into the cart, and despatched at once. "On stripping him, they shirt; and that what with

found he wore a hair

his distemper, and the hardships of the prison,

and what with the cruelties of the rack, which he had several times undergone, his body was almost become a skeleton."

Challoner gives an account of this martyr in the "Lives of Missionary Priests," as does also Dr Lingard, who says, quoting from Rishton's Diary, that Cottam, like his brother martyrs, was cruelly tortured. Among others used, he observes, "Cottam bled profusely from the nose, after compression in the Scavenger's Daughter."

In case the reader should not understand the nature of the torture, he must suppose the victim to be placed in a kneeling posture, the tormentor then kneels on his shoulders to press them down to his knees, and putting an iron hoop under his legs (shins), he fastens the ends as tightly as they can be drawn across his back. The victim was usually left thus bound for an hour and a half, during which time the blood burst from the nose, ears, and mouth and eyes, from the unnatural position and compression.

A reference to Dr Challoner will supply various other particulars in regard to the holy man of whom we now speak. He says that Cottam was long confined in the Tower, and racked; and when the cart supporting Mr Richardson, his fellowsufferer, under the gallows was drawn away, he cried out, "O good Lawrence, pray for me. Jesus receive thy soul!" which he repeated several times. And that when the sheriff and people around him sought to make him abjure his faith to gain

Lord