225. There is another demonstrative pronoun ( rarely used, excepting in nom. sing.), of which अदस्, ‘this' or 'that,' is taken as the base, though the true base is समुamu, and in N. sing. अमु asu. It is thus declined : Masc. N. असौ, अमू, अमी ; Ac. अमुं अमू, अमून्; I समुना, समूभ्यां समीभिस्; D. अमुष्मै, समूभ्यां, अमीभ्यस्; Ab. अमुष्मात्, अमूभ्यां समीभ्यस्; G. अमुष्य, अमुयोस्, अमीषां; L. समुष्मिन्, अमुयोस्, समीy. Fem. N. असौ, अमू, समूस्; Ac. समूं, समू, अमूम् ; I. अमुया, अमूभ्यां, अमूभिस्; D. अमुष्यै, अमूभ्यां, अमूभ्यस्; Ab. अमुष्यास्, &c. ; G. समूष्यास्, अमुयोस्, अमूषां; L. अमुष्यां, अमुयोस्, अमूपु. Neut. N. Ac. अदस्, अमू, अमूनि .

RELATIVE PRONOUN.

226. The relative is formed by substituting y for the initial letter of the pronoun tat, at 220 : thus,

यत् yat or यद् yad, ' who, ' ' which.'

The feminine and neuter follow the fem. and neut. of tat, at 220. Fem. N. या yó, ये ye, यास् yás; Ac. यां yám, &c. &c. Neut. N. Ac. यत् yat, ये ye, यानि yáni; the rest like the masculine.

"

With the above pronoun compare the Greek relative ős,, ; the Sanskrit y being often represented in Greek words by the spiritus asper.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

The N. Ac. Neut.

227. The interrogative differs from the relative by substituting k instead of y for the initial letter of the pronoun tat, at 220 : thus, Masc. N. कस kas, कौ kau, के ke, 'who? ' ' which?' “ what? " Ac. कं kam, ' whom?' &c. Fem. N. का ká, के ke, कास् kás, &c. are किं kim, के ke, कानि káni, not kat *, ke, káni. for the base, and occurs in a few compounds; what account?’ • why?”

Kim is also taken such as fon

* Kat, however (= Latin quod), was the old form, and is retained in a few words ; such as kachchit, ' perhaps ;' kadartha, ' useless' ('of what use ?'); kadadhwan, ‘a bad road’ (‘ what sort of a road ?').

a. The true base, however, is ka; and to this may be affixed ti, to form af kati, how many?' (quot). The same affix is added to ta, the proper base of the third personal pronoun, to form tati, so many' (tot). The Latin quot and tot, which drop the final i, take it again in composition; as, quotidie, totidem, &c.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

228. The indeclinable affixes chit, api, and chana, affixed (in accordance with the rules of Sandhi) to the several cases of the interrogative pronouns, give them an indefinite signification; as, af kaśchit, somebody,'' some one," any one,'' a certain one :' thus declined:

Similarly, Fem. Nom. काचित् केचित्, काश्चित् ; Ac. काचित्, &c. : and Neut. Nom. Ac. fafn something,' any thing,'

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229. So also by affixing fq; as, Masc. Nom. certain one,' कावपि, केsपि ( 37, 35 ); Ac. कमपि, &c. ;

fen, fafen, &c.

sf (64. a) ‘some one,' ‘a

I. केनापि, &c. (31); D. कस्मा

यपि, &c. ( 37 ) ; Ab. कस्मादपि, &c. ; G. कस्यापि &c. ; L. कस्मिन्नपि, &c. ( 52 ). Fem. Nom. fq, &c.; Ac. fq, &c.; 1. fq, &c. &c. Neut. Nom. fanf

something,' 'any thing,' &c. The affix chana is rarely found, excepting in the Masc. Nom.some one,' 'any one;' and in the Neut. Nom. fa ́something.'

230. In the same way interrogative adverbs are made indefinite: thus, from kati, 'how many?' katichit, 'a few;' from kadá,' when?' kadáchit, at some time;' from katham, how?' kathanchana,' some how.'

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

231. These are formed by affixing íya (80. XV) to those cases of the personal pronouns, ending in t, which are used for crude bases: thus, from and I 'I,' madiya (45), mine,' and i asmadiya, 'our;' from thou,' twadiya,thine;' from 'he,' etadiya, 'his.' They are declined like

nouns of the first class at 103.

Observe, however, that the genitive case of the personal pronouns is more usually used for the possessive : thus, तस्य पुत्र: ' his son ;' मम पुत्री ' my daughter. '

REFLEXIVE OR POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

232.swa (suus) is used reflexively, in reference to all three persons, and may stand for my own' (meus), 'thy own' (tuus), his own,'' our own,' &c. (compare σpós, opń, σþóv). It often occupies the first place in a compound: thus, he goes to his own house.' The gen. case of átman at 147, or often the crude base, is used with the same signification; as, आत्मगृहं गच्छति *. In modern Sanskrit, f nija is often used in place of and . is declined like tat at 220; but the Ab. L. sing. masc. neut. and N. pl. masc. may follow śiva at 103.

HONORIFIC OR RESPECTFUL PRONoun.

or

233. bhavat, 'your honour,' requiring the 3d person of the verb, is declined like dhanavat at 140: thus, N. masc. aa bhaván, भवन्तौ bhavantau, भवन्तस् bhavantas; N. fem. भवती bhavati, भवत्यौ bhavatyau, wana bhavatyas, &c.; Voc. af (140. b). It is constantly used in place of the 2d personal pronoun : thus, भवान् गृहं गच्छतु 'Let your honour go home' for 'Go thou home.'

DERIVATIVE PRONOUNS OF QUANTITY AND SIMILITUDE.

so much'

234. Modifications of the demonstrative, relative, and interrogative pronouns may take the affix vat to express 'quantity,' and the affix TN driśa or TM driś† to express 'similitude:' thus, távat, enn etávat,' so many,' (tantus); (quantus) ́ as many,'' as much' (declined like dhanavat at 140); तादृश tadrisa or तादृश् tädris, ' such like' (talis, rnaikos); एतादृश etadrisa or Petádris, like this or that' (following siva, at 103, for the masc. and neut.; nadí, at 106, for the fem. of those ending in sa; and dis, at 181, for the masc. fem. neut. of those in ). Similarly, GN or WGN ‘as like,’‘how like?’ so like;' or 'how like?' (qualis ?). ईदृश्

(qualis, λíkos); or ŝπ

कीदृश

a. Note, that the affix is derived from the root dris, 'to see,' 'appear,' and is in fact our English 'like,' d being interchangeable with 1, and s with k.

b. fan 'how much,' 'how many,' and 'so much,' are declined like at 233.

235. Expressed by prefixing the relative to the interrogative: thus, :af 'whosoever,' fafan whatsoever' or by repeating the relative; as,, यद् यद् .

* Prof. Lassen cites an example from the Rámáyana, in which átman refers to the dual: Putram átmanah spṛishṭwá nipetatuh, 'They two fell down after touching their son.' Anthol. p. 171.

†driksha, declined like siva (103), is also used.

PRONOMINALS.

236. There are certain common adjectives which partake of the nature of pronouns, and follow the declension of tat at 220.

These are,other,' another;' 'other' (cf. Latin iterum); of two;'

one of two' (ékáτepos);

one of many;'

one

which of

the two?' (TÓTEρos for Kóτepos); which of many?' that one of two;' ततम — that one of many;' यतर 'who or which of two ;' यतम ' who or which of many.' The above are mostly formed by adding the comparative and superlative affixes to pronominal bases (196. a). They are declined like throughout, and make the N. Ac. neut. sing. in at.

237. There are others, however, which make am instead of at in the N. Ac. neuter. The model of these is sarva, all: thus, Masc. N. सर्वस् sarvas, सबैौ sarvau, सर्वे sarve; Ac. सर्वं sarvam, सर्वोौ sarvau, सर्वान् sarván; I. सर्वेण, &c.; D. सर्वस्मै, &c. ; Ab. सर्वस्मात्, &c. ; G. सर्वस्य sarvasya, सर्वयोस् sarvayos, सर्वेषां sarveshám ; L. सर्वस्मिन्, &c. Fem. N. sarvá, ¤¤ sarve, ¤¤ sarvás, &c. (220). Neut. N. Ac. सर्वं sarvam, सर्वे sarve, सर्वाणि sarváni.

238. Like sarva are declined both' (no sing.); f‘all;'‘half;' अधर ‘inferior;' पर 'other ;' अपर 'other ;' अवर 'posterior ;' उत्तर ‘superior,’ north;' दक्षिण 'south,' 'right;' पूर्व 'east,' 'prior ;' एक 'one;' अन्तर‘other :' but (with the exception of the first three) these may optionally follow siva, at 103, in the abl. loc. sing. masc. and neut., and the nom. pl. masc.; as, e or अधरात्, &c.

239. fan' second,'

'third,' may either follow sarva at 237, or siva at

103, and make their feminine in á.

'first,' generally

240. 'a few,' §‘half,' afaqu 'how few?' ' few,' follow siva at 103; but may make their nom. plur. in e; as, 'both' (ambo, upw), is declined only in the dual; i, i, zwała.

'few.' TH,

CHAPTER VI.

VERBS.

GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.

241. ALTHOUGH the Sanskrit verb offers the most striking and interesting analogies to the Greek, nevertheless so peculiar and artificial is the process by which it is formed, that it would be impossible, in treating of it, to adopt an arrangement which would be likely to fall in with the preconceived notions of the classical student.

There are ten tenses. Seven of them are of common occurrence; viz. 1. the present, 2. the potential, 3. the imperative, 4. the first preterite, 5. the second preterite, 6. the first future, 7. the second future. Three are of rare occurrence; viz. 8. the third preterite, 9. the benedictive, 10. the conditional. There is also an infinitive mood, and several participles. Of these tenses, the present, the three preterites, and the two futures, belong properly to the indicative mood; and the imperative, potential, benedictive, and conditional, are more properly moods than tenses. Since, however, these latter moods do not comprehend other tenses under them, but are susceptible of all times, present, past, and future, it can lead to no embarrassment to consider them as tenses, and to arrange them indiscriminately with the tenses of the indicative. Four of the tenses, viz. the present, potential, imperative, and first preterite, are called conjugational tenses, and are placed first in order, because to them alone (as will be hereafter explained at 248) the rules of conjugation have reference.

242. Although the three preterites are used without much distinction, yet it should be observed, that they properly express different degrees of past time. The first preterite corresponds in form to the imperfect of Greek and Latin verbs, and properly has reference to an event doing at some time past, and not ended: it is often, however, used like the Greek aorist. The second preterite is said to have reference to an event done and past at some definite period: it answers in form to the Greek perfect, but may also be used like the aorist. The third preterite refers to an event done and past at some indefinite period: it corresponds in form and sense to the Greek 1st and 2d aorist *. So also, the two futures properly express, the first definite, the second indefinite futurity: the second, however, is the most used, and answers to the Greek future. The potential may generally be rendered in English by some one of the auxiliaries, may,' 'can,' would,'' should, 'ought.' The conditional is used after the conjunction yadi, 'if' it occurs, however, but very rarely, and the potential usually supplies its place in conditional sentences. The benedictive or precative is a tense sometimes used in praying and blessing. There is no pluperfect in Sanskrit: the sense of this tense is expressed by the indeclinable participle or by the locative absolute; as, tasminn apakránte, ' after he had departed.' See Syntax.

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*The fact is, that neither one of the three perfects is very commonly used to represent the completeness of an action. This is generally done by employing the passive participle with an instr. case; or by adding vat to the pass. part., and combining it with the present tense of as, 'to be;' as, uktaván asmi, ‘I have said.' See Syntax.