CHAPTER X.

EXERCISES IN TRANSLATION AND PARSING.

STORIES FROM THE HITOPADESA TRANSLATED AND PARSED. 930. THE following two stories are taken from the 4th book of the Hitopadeśa. A literal translation and grammatical analysis are given to both stories. All the rules of combination are observed, but the words are separated from each other in accordance with 26. In the two cases where such separation is impossible, viz. where a final and initial vowel blend together into one sound, and where crude words are joined with others to form compounds, a dot placed underneath marks the division.

STORY OF THE SAGE AND THE MOUSE.

Ist sentence. अस्ति गौतमस्य मुनेस् तपोवने महातपा नाम मुनिः । ‘There is in the sacred grove of the sage Gautama a

sage named Mahátapás (Great-devotion).'

2d. तेनाश्रमसन्निधाने मूषिकशावकः काकमुखाद् भ्रष्टो

दृष्ट: । ' By him, in the neighbourhood of his hermitage, a young mouse, fallen from the beak of a crow, was seen.'

3d. ततो दया युक्तेन तेन मुनिना नीवार कणैः संवर्जितः ।

'Then by that sage, touched with compassion, with grains of wild rice it was reared.'

4th. तदनन्तरं मूषिकं खादितुम् अनुधावन् विडालो मुनिना दृष्ट: । ' Soon after this, a cat was observed by the sage

running after the mouse to devour it.'

5th. तं मूषिकं भीतम् आलोक्य तपःप्रभावात् तेन मुनिना मूषिको बलिष्ठो विडालः कृतः । ‘Perceiving the

mouse terrified, by that sage, through the efficacy of his devotion, the mouse was changed into a very strong cat.'

6th. स विडालः कुक्कुराट् बिभेति । ततः कुक्कुरः कृतः । कुक्कुरस्य व्याघ्रान् महद् भयं । तदनन्तरं स व्याघ्रः कृतः ।

'The cat fears the dog: upon that it was changed into a dog. Great

is the dread of the dog for a tiger: then. it was transformed into a tiger.'

7th अथ व्याघ्रम् अपि मूषिक निर्विशेषं पश्यति मुनिः ।

'Now the sage regards even the tiger as not differing at all from the mouse.'

8th. अतः सर्वे तचस्था जनास् तं व्याघ्रं दृष्ट्वा वदन्ति ।

'Then all the persons residing in the neighbourhood, seeing the tiger, say.'

9th. अनेन मुनिना मूषिकोऽयं व्याघ्रतां नीतः । ‘By this

sage this mouse has been brought to the condition of a tiger.'

1oth. एतच् छ्रुत्वा स व्याघ्रः सव्यथोऽचिन्तयत् । ‘‘The tiger

overhearing this, being uneasy, reflected.'

11th यावद् अनेन मुनिना जीवितव्यं तावद् इदं मम स्वरूपाख्यानम् अकीर्त्तिकरं न पलायिष्यते। ‘As long as it shall be lived by this sage, so long this disgraceful story of my original condition will not die away.'

12th इति समालोच्य मुनिं हन्तुं समुद्यतः । Thus reflecting,

he prepared (was about) to kill the sage.'

13th मुनिस् तस्य चिकीर्षितं ज्ञात्वा पुनर् मूषिको भव इत्य् उक्ता मूषिक एव कृतः। ‘The sage discovering his intention,

saying, "Again become a mouse," he was reduced to (his former state of) a mouse. '

Observe in this story four peculiarities: 1st, the simplicity of the style; adly, the prevalence of compound words; 3dly, the scarcity of verbs; 4thly, the prevalence of the past passive participle with the agent in the instrumental case for expressing indefinite past time, in lieu of the past tense active with the nominative : see 895, with note.

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First sentence.—Asti, ‘there is,’ 3d sing. pres of the root as, 2d conj. (see 584). Gautamasya, — of Gautama,' noun of the first class, masc. gend., gen. case (103). Munes, — of the sage,' noun of the second class, masc. gend., gen. case (110): final s remains by 62. Tapovane, in the sacred grove,' or ' grove of penance,' genitively dependent compound (743); the first member of the compound formed by the crude noun tapas, 'penance,' as being changed to o by 64; the last member,

U u

by the loc. case of vana,' grove,' noun of the first class, neut. (104). Mahátapá, 'great devotion,' relative form of descriptive compound (766); the first member formed by the crude adjective mahá (substituted for mahat, see 778), ́ great;' the last member, by the nom. case of tapas, devotion,' noun of the seventh class, neut. (164): final s dropped by 66. a. Náma, by name,' an adverb (713). Munih, a sage,' noun of the second class, masc., nom. case (110): final s passes into Visarga by 63. a.

Second sentence.—Tena, 'by him,' instr. case of the pronoun tat at 220. Áśrama-sannidháne, in the neighbourhood of his hermitage,' genitively dependent compound (743); the first member formed by the crude noun áśrama, ‘hermitage;' the last member, by the loc. case of sannidhána, ́neighbourhood,' noun of the first class, neut. (104). The final a of tena blends with the initial á of áśrama by 31. Múshika-śávakah, a young mouse,' or 'the young of a mouse,' genitively dependent compound (743); the first member formed by the crude noun múshika, ‘a mouse;' the last, by the nom. case of śávaka,' the young of any animal,' noun of the first class (103): final s becomes Visarga by 63. Káka-mukhád, from the beak (or mouth) of a crow,' genitively dependent compound (743); the first member formed by the crude noun káka, 'a crow;' the last, by the abl. case of mukha, mouth,' noun of the first class, neut. (104); t being changed to d by 45Bhrashto, 'fallen,' nom. case, sing. masc. of the past pass. part. of the root bhrans (544) as changed to o by 64. Drishtah, seen,' nom. case, sing. masc. of the past pass. part. of the root driś: final s becomes Visarga by 63. a.

Third sentence.-Tato, then,' adv. (719): as changed to o by 64. Dayá-yuktena, 'touched with compassion,' instrumentally dependent compound (740); the first member formed by the crude noun dayá, 'compassion;' the last, by the instr. case of yukta, 'endowed with,' past pass. part. of the root yuj (670). Tena, see second sentence. Muniná, by the sage,' noun of the second class, masc. gend., instr. case (110). Nívára-kaṇaih,' with grains of wild rice,' genitively dependent compound (743); the first member formed by the crude noun nívára, ‘wild rice;' the second, by the instr. plur. of kana, noun of the first class, masc.: final s becomes Visarga by 63. Sanvarddhitah, reared,' nom. case, sing. of the past pass. part. of the causal form of the root vṛidh (549): final s becomes Visarga by 63. a.

Fourth sentence.-Tadanantaram, 'soon after this,' compound adverb; the first member formed with the pronoun tat, 'this,' at 220; the second, by the adverb anantaram, ‘after,' at 731 and 917. Múshikam, noun of the first class, masc. gend., acc. case (103). Kháditum, 'to eat,' infinitive mood of the root khád (458, 868). Anudhávan, 'pursuing after,' 'running after,' nom. case, sing. masc. of the pres. part. Paras. of the root dháv, to run,' with the preposition anu, ‘after' (524). Vidálo, a cat,' noun of the first class, masc. (103), nom. case: as changed to o by 64. Muniná, see third sentence. Drishtah, see second sentence.

Fifth sentence.-Tam, acc. case of the pronoun tat at 220, used as a definite article, see 795. Múshikam, see fourth sentence. Bhitam, 'terrified,' acc. case, sing. masc. of the past pass. part. of the root bhí (532). Álokya, perceiving,' indeclinable part. of the root lok, with the prep. á (559).

Tapah-prabkávét,

through the efficacy of his devotion' (814), genitively dependent compound (743); the first member formed by the crude noun tapas, devotion,' s being changed to Visarga by 63; the second, by the abl. case of prabháva, noun of the first class, masc. (103). Tena, see second sentence. Muniná, see third sentence. Múshiko, nom. case: as changed to o by 64. Balishtho, very strong,' nom. case, masc. of the superlative form of the adj. balin, ‘strong' (see 193): as changed to o by 64. Viḍálah, see fourth sentence: final s becomes Visarga by 63. Kritah, ‘changed,' made,' nom. case, sing. of the past pass. part. of the root kṛi at 682: final s becomes Visarga by 63. a.

Sixth sentence.-Sa, nom. case of the pronoun tat at 220, used as a definite article (795): final s dropped by 67. Viḍálah, see fourth sentence. Kukkurád, 'the dog,' noun of the first class, masc. (103), abl. case after a verb of 'fearing' (855): t changed to d by 45. Bibheti, 'fears,' 3d sing. pres. tense of the root bhí, 3d conj. (666). Tatah, upon that,' adv. (719): as changed to ah by 63. Kukkurah, 'the dog,' nom. case (103): final s becomes Visarga by 63. Kritah, see fifth sentence. Kukkurasya, ‘of the dog,' gen. case (103). Vyághrán, for the tiger,' noun of the first class, masc. (103), abl. case after a noun of 'fear' (814. d): t changed to n by 47. Mahad, great,' noun adj. of the fifth class (142), nom. case, sing. neut. t changed to d by 45. Bhayam, ‘fear,' noun of the first class, neut. (104), nom. case. Tadanantaram, see fourth sentence. Vyághrah, nom. case: final s becomes Visarga by 63. Kritah, see fifth sentence.

Seventh sentence.-Atha, ' now,' inceptive particle (727. c). Vyághram, acc. case. Api, 'even,' adv. Múshika-nirviśesham, ‘as not differing at all from the mouse,' relative form of dependent compound (762); the first member formed by the crude noun múshika; the second, by the acc. case of the substantive visesha, difference,' with nir prefixed: or it may be here taken adverbially, see 776. Pasyati, 3d sing. pres. tense of the root dris, 1st conj. (604). Munih, see first

sentence.

Eighth sentence.-Atah,' then,' adv. (719). Sarve, 'all,' pronominal adj., nom. case, plur. masc. (237). Tatra-sthá, residing in the neighbourhood,' anomalous compound, in its character resembling a locatively dependent; the first member being formed by the adverb tatra (720), 'there,' or 'in that place;' the second, by the nom. plur. masc. of the participial noun of agency of the root sthá, 'to remain' (587): final s dropped by 66. a. Janás, persons,' noun of the first class, masc. gend. (103), nom. case, plur. : final s remains by 62. Tam, acc. case of the pronoun tat (220), used as a definite article (795). Vyághram, tiger,' noun of the first class, masc. gend. (103), acc. case. Drishtwá, having seen,' indeclinable past participle of the root driś (556). Vadanti, 'they say,' 3d plur. pres. of the root vad, 1st conj. (599).

Ninth sentence.-Anena, ‘by this,' instr. case of the demonstrative pronoun idam at 224. Muniná, see third sentence. Múshiko, nom. case: as changed to o by 64. a. Ayam, 'this,' nom. case of the demonstrative pronoun at 224: the initial a cut off by 64. a. Vyághratám,' the condition of a tiger,' fem. abstract noun of the first class (105), acc. case, formed from the substantive vyághra, a tiger,' by

the affix tú (80. XXIII). Nítah, 'brought,' nom. case, sing. masc. of the past pass. part. of the root ní at 532.

becomes by 49. Vyághrah,

Tenth sentence. — Etach,' this,' acc. case, neut. of the demonstrative pronoun etat at 223: t being changed to ch by 49. Chhrutwá,“ overhearing,' indeclinable participle of the root śru (676 and 556). nom. case: final s becomes Visarga by 63. Sa-vyatho, ́ uneasy,' relative form of indeclinable compound, formed by prefixing the preposition saha to the fem. substantive vyatha (769): as changed to o by 64. a. Achintayat, 'reflected,' 3d sing. Ist pret. of the root chint, 10th conj. (641): the initial a cut off by 64. a.

Eleventh sentence.-Yávad, as long as,' adv. (713): t changed to d by 45. Anena, see ninth sentence. Jívitavyam,' to be lived,' nom. case, neut. of the fut. pass. part. of the root jív (569, 905. a, 907). Távat, so long,' adv. correlative to yávat (713). Idam, 'this,' nom. case, neut. of the demonstrative pronoun at 224. Mama,' of me,' gen, case of the pronoun aham, ‘I,' at 218. Swarúpákhyánam, story of my original condition,' genitively dependent compound (743); the first member formed by the crude noun swarúpa, ́natural form' (see 232); the second, by the nom. case of ákhyána, noun of the first class, neuter (104): m retained by 60. Akírti-karam, disgraceful,' accusatively dependent compound (739); the first member formed by the crude noun akírti, disgrace;' the second, by the nom. case, neut. of the participial noun of agency kara,' causing,' from kṛi,‘to do' (580). Na, not,' adv. (717. a). Paláyishyate, will die away,' 3d sing. 2d fut. Atm. of the compound verb paláy, formed by combining the root i with the prep. pará (783).

Twelfth sentence.—Iti,' thus,' adv. (717.e; see also 928). Samálochya,‘reflecting,' indeclinable part. of the compound verb samáloch (559), formed by combining the root loch with the prepositions sam and á (784). Munim, acc. case. Hantum, 'to kill,' infinitive mood of the root han (458, 868, and 654). Samudyatah, prepared,' nom. case, sing. masc. of the past pass. part. of the compound verb sam-ud-yam, formed by combining the root yam with the prepositions sam and ut (545).

Thirteenth sentence. - Munis, nom. case: final s remains by 62. Tasya, ́of him,' gen. case of the pronoun tat (220). Chikírshitam, 'intention,' acc. case, neut. of the past pass. part. of the desiderative base of the root kṛi, 'to do' (550 and 502), used as a substantive (896. b). Jnátwá, discovering,' indeclinable part. of the root jná (556 and 688). Punar, ‘again,' adv. (717. e): r remains by 71. e. Múshiko, nom. case: as changed to o by 64. Bhava, 'become,' 2d sing. imperat. of the root bhú (585). Ity answers to inverted commas, see 927. a: the final i changed to y by 34. Uktwá,' saying,' indeclinable part. of the root vach (556 nom. case: final s dropped by 66. Eva, indeed,' adv.

and 650). Múshika, (717).