72

cluded, the superintendent conducted him to his apartment, and told him the circumstances on which his treatment would depend; that it was his anxious wish to make every inhabitant in the house as comfortable as possible; and that he sincerely hoped the patient's conduct would render it unneces-cing self-restraint in the minds of maniacs, is evident from its sary to have recourse to coercion. The maniacas sensible of the kindness of his treatment. He promised to restrain himself; and he so completely succeeded, that, during his stay, no coercive means were ever employed towards him. This case affords a striking example of the efficacy of mild treatment. The patient was frequently very vociferous, and threatened his attendants, who, in their defence, were very desirous of restraining him by the jacket. The superintendent on these occasions went to his apartment: and though the first sight of him seemed rather to increase the patient's irritation, yet, after sitting some time quietly beside him, the violent excitement subsided, and he would listen with attention to the persuasions and arguments of his friendly visitor. After such conversations the patient was generally better for some days or a week; and in about four months he was discharged, perfectly recovered.

Can it be doubted that, in this case, the disease had been greatly exasperated by the mode of treatment? or that the subsequent kind treatment had a great tendency to promote his recovery ?—(p. 172, 173, 146, 147.)

And yet, in spite of this apparent contempt of danger, for eighteen years not a single accident has happened to the keepers.

In the day room the sashes are made of cast-iron, and give to the building the security of bars, without their unpleasant appearance. With the same laudable attention to the feelings of these poor people, the straps of their strait waistcoats are made of some showy colour, and are not infrequently considered by been found to arise from reasoning with patients on No advantage whatever has their particular delusions: it is found rather to exasperate than convince them. Indeed, that state of mind would hardly deserve the name of insanity where argument was sufficient for the refutation of error.

them as ornaments.

The classification of patients according to their degree of convalescence is very properly attended to at the Retreat, and every assistance given to returning reason by the force of example. We were particularly pleased with the following specimens of Quaker sense and humanity:

"The female superintendent, who possesses an uncommon share of benevolent activity, and who has the chief management of the female patients, as well as of the domestic department, occasionally gives a general invitation to the patients to a tea-party. All who attend dress in their best clothes, and vie with each other in politeness and propriety. The best fare is provided, and the visitors are treated with all the attention of strangers. The evening generally passes in the greatest harmony and enjoyment. It rarely happens that any unpleasant circumstance occurs. wonderful degree, their different propensities; and the scene The patients controul, in a is at once curious and affectingly gratifying. 'Some of the patients occasionally pay visits to their friends in the city; and female visitors are appointed every month by the committee to pay visits to those of their own sex, to converse with them, and to propose to the superintendents, or the committee, any improvements which may occur to them. The visitors sometimes take tea with the patients, who are much gratified with the attention of their friends, and mostly behave with propriety.

'It will be necessary here to mention that the visits of former intimate friends have frequently been attended with disadvantage to the patients, except when convalescence had so far advanced as to afford a prospect of a speedy return to the bosom of society. It is, however, very certain that, as soon as reason begins to return, the conversation of judicious indifferent persons greatly increases the comfort, and is considered almost essential to the recovery of many patients. On this account the convalescents of every class are frequently introduced into the society of the rational parts of the family. They are also permitted to sit up till the usual time for the family to retire to rest, and are allowed as much liberty as their state of mind will permit.'-(p. 178, 179.)

To the effects of kindness in the Retreat are superadded those of constant employment. The female patients are employed as much as possible in sewing, knitting, and domestic affairs; and several of the convalescents assist the attendants. For the men are selected those species of bodily employments most agreeable to the patient, and most opposite to the illusions of his disease. Though the effect of fear is

not excluded from the institution, yet the love of es teem is considered as a still more powerful principle being often exercised in the presence of strangers who are 'That fear is not the only motive which operates in produ merely passing through the house; and which, I presume, can only be accounted for from that desire of esteem which has ple, that so much advantage has been found in this institution, been stated to be a powerful motive to conduct. from treating the patient as much in the manner of a ra'It is, probably, from encouraging the action of this princitional being as the state of his mind will possibly allow. The superintendent is particularly attentive to this point in his conversation with the patients. He introduces such topics as he knows will most interest them; and which at the same time allows them to display their knowledge to the greatest advanoccasion in which his knowledge may be useful. I have heard tage. If the patient is an agriculturist, he asks him questions relative to his art; and frequently consults him upon any indisposition, had been a considerable grazier, give very sensible directions for the treatment of a diseased cow. one of the worst patients in the house, who, previously to his

'These considerations are undoubtedly very material, as they regard the comfort of insane persons; but they are of far The patient, feeling himself of some consequence, is induced greater importance as they relate to the cure of the disorder. to support it by the exertion of his reason, and by restraining ful treatment he receives, or lower his character in the eyes of those dispositions which, if indulged, would lessen the respecthis companions and attendants.

persons are very apt to converse with them in a childish, or,
'They who are unacquainted with the character of insane
which is worse, in a domineering manner; and hence it has
a stranger who has visited them seemed to imagine they were
been frequently remarked by the patients at the Retreat, that
children.

mind of the patient, and to make him indifferent to those moral
feelings which, under judicious direction and encouragement,
The natural tendency of such treatment is to degrade the
are found capable, in no small degree, to strengthen the power of
self-restraint, and which render the resort to coercion in many
employ coercion, if the patient promises to control himself on
cases unnecessary. Even when it is absolutely requisite to
its removal, great confidence is generally placed upon his
and moral obligation under this kind of engagement, hold for
word. I have known patients, such is their sense of honour
of their disorder; and such attempts ought to be sedulously
a long time a successful struggle with the violent propensities
encouraged by the attendant.

cing the patient to control his disordered propensities which 'Hitherto, we have chiefly considered those modes of induarise from an application to the general powers of the mind; but considerable advantage may certainly be derived, in this part of moral management, from an acquaintance with the previous habits, manners, and prejudices of the individual. Nor self-restraint, the mild but powerful influence of the precepts of must we forget to call to our aid, in endeavouring to promote our holy religion. Where these have been strongly imbued in early life, they become little less than principles of our nature: and their restraining power is frequently felt, even under the delirious excitement of insanity. To encourage the influence of great consequence as a means of cure. For this purpose, as of religious principles over the mind of the insane is considered well as for others still more important, it is certainly right to promote in the patient an attention to his accustomed modes of paying homage to his Maker.

held in the city; and most of them are assembled, on a first Many patients attend the religious meetings of the society day afternoon, at which time the superintendent reads to them ensues; during which, as well as at the time of reading, it is several chapters in the Bible. A profound silence generally very gratifying to observe their orderly conduct, and the degree in which those who are much disposed to action restrain their different propensities.'-(p. 158-161.)

alone for the cure of insanity. The experience, at least, of this well-governed institution is very unfavour Very little dependence is to be placed on medicine able to its efficacy. Where an insane person happens to be diseased in body as well as mind, medicine is not only of as great importance to him as to any other person, but much greater; for the diseases of the body but against mere insanity, unaccompanied by bodily are commonly found to aggravate those of the mind; derangement, it appears to be almost powerless.

quently employed at the Retreat, and which appears There is one remedy, however, which is very frethat is the warm bath,-the least recommended, and to have been attended with the happiest effect, and the most important, of all remedies in melancholy madness. Under this mode of treatment, the number

degree in life. After every allowance, however, which can be made for the feelings of sectaries, exercised towards their own disciples, the Quakers, it must be allowed, are a very charitable and humane people. They are always ready with their money, and, what is of far more importance, with their time and attention, for every variety of human misfortune.

before the difficulty, with the wise conviction that it They seem to set themselves down systematically is to be lessened or subdued only by great labour and thought; and that it is always increased by indolence and neglect. In this instance, they have set an example of courage, patience, and kindness, which cannot be too highly commended, or too widely diffused; and which, we are convinced, will gradually bring into repute a milder and better method of treating the insane. For the aversion to inspect places of this sort is so great, and the temptation to neglect and oppress the insane is so strong, both from the love of power and the improbability of detection, that we have no doubt of the existence of great abuses in the interior of many madhouses. A great deal has been done for prisons; but the order of benevolence has been broken through by this preference; for the voice of misery may soon. er come up from a dungeon, than the oppression of a madman be healed by the hand of justice.*

74

Among other faults with which our government is
chargeable, the vice of impertinence has lately crept
into our cabinet; and the Americans have been treated
with ridicule and contempt. But they are becoming a
little too powerful, we take it, for this cavalier sort of
management; and are increasing with a rapidity
which is really no matter of jocularity to us, or the
other powers of the Old World.
contained 13,000 inhabitants; in 1810, 46,000; in 1817,
In 1791, Baltimore
60,000. In 1790, it possessed 13,000 tons of shipping;
in 1798, 59,000; in 1805, 72,000; in 1810, 103,444. The
progress of Philadelphia is as follows:

'In 1683 there were in the city

1700

1749

1760

1769

1776

1783

1806 1810

Houses.

80 and

700

2,076

2,969

4,474

5,460

6,000

13,000

have upon such occasions. What other influence can the leading characters of the democratic party in Congress possibly possess? Bribery is entirely out of fortune. What then can they do, with their caucus, or without it, but recommend? And what charge is the question-equally so is the influence of family and it against the American government to meet together to consult whom they shall recommend members of whom the people have the highest opinion for president, and that their recommendation is suc that those cessful in their different states? Could any friend to good order wish other means to be employed, or other results to follow? No statesman can wish to exclude Inhabitants. influence, but only bad influence-not the influence of sense and character, but the influence of money and 5,000 15,000 punch. 20,000 A very disgusting feature in the character of the 30,000 present English government is its extreme timidity 40,000 and the cruelty and violence to which its timidity 42,000 gives birth. Some hotheaded young person, in de90,000 fending the principles of liberty, and attacking those Now it is computed there are at least 120,000 inhabitants bounds of reason and moderation, or is thought to 100,000 abuses to which all governments are liable, passes the in the city and suburbs, of which 10,000 are free coloured peo- have passed them by those whose interest it is to think ple.'-Palmer, p. 254, 255. so. What matters it whether he has or not? You tutions as ours he can do no mischief; perhaps he may owe his celebrity to your opposition; or, if he are strong enough to let him alone. With such insti must be opposed, write against him,-set Candidus, Scrutator, Vindex, or any of the conductitious penmen of government to write him down;-any thing but the savage spectacle of a poor wretch, perhaps a very honest man, contending in vain against the weight of an immense government, pursued by a zealous attorney, and sentenced, by some candidate, per haps, for the favour of the crown, to the long miseries of the dungeon.*

22,769

The population of New York (the city), in 1805, was 60,000; it is now 120,000. Their shipping, at present, amounts to 300,000 tons. The population of the state of New York was, at the accession of his present majesty, 97,000, and is now nearly 1,000,000. Kentucky, first settled in 1773, had, in 1792, a population of 100,000; and in 1810, 406,000. Morse reckons the whole population of the western territory, in 1790, at 6,000; in 1810 it was near half a million; and will probably exceed a million in 1820. These, and a thousand other equally strong proofs of their increasing strength, tend to extinguish pleasantry and provoke thought.

We were surprised and pleased to find from these accounts that the Americans on the Red River and the Arkansas River have begun to make sugar and wine. Their importation of wool into this country is becoming also an object of some consequence; and they have inexhaustible supplies of salt and coal. of the great sources of wealth in America is and will But one be an astonishing command of inland navigation. The Mississippi, flowing from the north to the Gulf of Mexico, through seventeen degrees of latitude; the Ohio and the Alleghany almost connecting it with the Northern Lakes; the Wabash, the Illinois, the Missouri, the Arkansas, the Red River, flowing from the confines of New Mexico;-these rivers, all navigable, and most of them already frequented by steam-boats, constitute a facility of internal communication not, we believe, to be paralleled in the whole world. One of the great advantages of the American gov. ernment is its cheapness. about £5000 per annum, the vice-king £1000. They The American king has hire their Lord Liverpool at about a thousand per annum, and their Lord Sidmouth (a good bargain) at the same sum. Their Mr. Crokers are inexpressibly reasonable, somewhere about the price of an English door-keeper, or bearer of mace. Life, however, seems to go on very well, in spite of these low salaries; and the purposes of government to be very fairly answered. Whatever may be the evils of universal suffrage in other countries, they have not yet been felt in America; and one thing at least is established by her experience, that this institution is not necessarily followed by those tumults, the dread of which excites so much apprehension in this country. In the most democratic states, where the payment of direct taxes is the only qualification of a voter, the elections are carried on with the utmost tranquillity; and the whole business, by taking votes in each parish or section, concluded all over the state in a single day. A great deal is said by Fearon about Caucus, the cant word of the Americans for the committees and party meetings in which the business of elections is prepared-the influence of which he seems to consider as prejudicial. To us, however, it appears to be nothing more than the natural, fair, and unavoidable influence which talent, popularity, and activity always must

late suspensions of the habeas corpus act. Nothing was trusted to the voluntary activity of a brave people, A still more flagrant instance may be found in our thoroughly attached to their government-nothing to the good sense and prudence of the gentlemen and yeomen of the country-nothing to a little forbear security but despotism; nothing but the alienation of ance, patience, and watchfulness. There was no other that right which no king nor minister can love, and which no human beings but the English have had the valour to win, and the prudence to keep. The contrast between our government and that of the Americans, upon the subject of suspending the habeas corpus, is drawn in so very able a manner by Mr. Hall, that we must give the passage at large.

'It has ever been the policy of the federalists to " strengthen more effectual for this purpose, than a law which gifts the ruthe hands of government." No measure can be imagined system, by generating oppression under the cloak of defending ling povers with infallibility; but no sooner was it enacted, social order. than it revealed its hostility to the principles of the American

justify what are called energetic measures, it was during the administrations of Mr. Jefferson and his successor. A disas'If there ever was a period when circumstances seemed to

* A great deal is said about the independence and integrity

of English judges. In causes between individuals they are
strictly independent and upright: but they have strong temp-
for libel. Such cases often involve questions of party, and
are viewed with great passion and agitation by the minister
tations to be otherwise, in cases where the crown prosecutes
and his friends. Judges have often favours to ask for their
friends and families, and dignities to aspire to for themselves.
It is human nature, that such powerful motives should create
a great bias against the prisoner. Suppose the chief justice
of any court to be in an infirm state of health, and a govern-
what immense importance is it to that man to be called a
ment libel-cause to be tried by one of the puisne judges,-of
fair hopes to be called lukewarm, or addicted to popular no-
tions-and how easily the runners of the government would
strong friend to government-how injurious to his natural and
attach such a character to him! The useful inference from
instead of being influenced by the cant phrases about the in-
tegrity of English judges, should suspect the operation of such
these observations is, that, in all government cases, the jury,
motives-watch the judge with the most accurate jealousy-
and compel him to be honest, by throwing themselves into the
opposite scale whenever he is inclined to be otherwise, co

to be free.

The dress of lawyers, is, however, at all events, of less importance than their charges. Law is cheap in America: in England, it is better, in a mere pecuni

trous war began to rage, not only on the frontiers, but in the very penetralia of the republic. To oppose veteran troops, the ablest generals, and the largest fleets in the world, the American government had raw recruits, officers who had never seen an enemy, half a dozen frigates, and a populationary point of view, to give up forty pounds than to conunaccustomed to sacrifices, and impatient of taxation. To tend for it in a court of common law. It costs that crown these disadvantages, a most important section of the sum in England to win a cause; and, in the court of Union, the New England states, openly set up the standard of equity, it is better to abandon five hundred or a thou separation and rebellion. A convention sat for the express sand pounds than to contend for it. We mean to say purpose of thwarting the measures of government; while the nothing disrespectful of the chancellor-who is an press and pulpit thundered every species of denunciation against whoever should assist their own country in the hour upright judge, a very great lawyer, and zealous to do of danger. And this was the work, not of jacobins and de-all he can; but we believe the Court of Chancery to mocrats, but of the staunch friends of religion and social order, be in a state which imperiously requires legislative who had been so zealously attached to the government, while correction. We do not accuse it of any malversation, it was administered by their own party, that they suffered not but of a complication, formality, entanglement, and the popular breath "to visit the president's breech too delay, which the life, the wealth, and the patience of roughly." man cannot endure. How such a subject comes not The course pursued, both by Mr. Jefferson and Mr. Madi- to have been taken up in the House of Commons, we son throughout this season of difficulty, merits the gratitude of their country, and the imitation of all governments pretending are wholly at a loss to conceive. We feel for climb. ing boys as much as anybody can do; but what is a So far were they from demanding any extraordinary pow-climbing boy in a chimney to a full-grown suitor in a ers from Congress, that they did not even enforce, to their full Master's office? And whence comes it, in the midst extent, those with which they were by the constitution invest- of ten thousand compassions and charities, that no ed. The process of reasoning, on which they probably acted, Wilberforce, or Sister Fry, has started up for the suimay be thus stated. The majority of the nation is with us, be- tors in Chancery? and why, in the name of these af cause the war is national. The interests of a minority suffer; flicted and attorney-worn people, are there united in and self-interest is clamorous when injured. It carries its op- their judge three or four offices, any one of which is position to an extreme inconsistent with its political duty. Shall we leave it in an undisturbed career of faction, or seek sufficient to occupy the whole time of a very able to put it down with libel and sedition laws? In the first case and active man? it will grow bold from impunity; its proceedings will be more and more outrageous: but every step it takes to thwart us will be a step in favour of the enemy, and, consequently, so much ground lost in public opinion. But, as public opinion is the only instrument by which a minority can couvert a majority to its views, impunity, by revealing its motives, affords the surest chance of defeating its intent. In the latter case, we quit the ground of reason to take that of force; we give the factious the advantage of seeming persecuted; by repressing intemperate discussion, we confess ourselves liable to be injured by it. If we seek to shield our reputation by a libel-law, we 'I slept at midnight at Monticello, and left it in the morn acknowledge, either that our conduct will not bear investiga-ing with such a feeling as the traveller quits the mouldering tion, or that the people are incapable of distinguishing betwixt remains of a Grecian temple, or the pilgrim a fountain in truth and falehood: but for a popular government to impeach the desert. It would indeed argue great torpor both of unthe sanctity of the nation's judgment is to overthrow the pil-derstanding and heart, to have looked without veneration lars of its own elevation. and interest on the man who drew up the declaration of American independence; who shared in the councils by which her freedom was established; whom the unbought voice of his fellow-citizens called to the exercise of a dignity from which his own moderation impelled him, when such example was most salutary, to withdraw; and who, while he dedicates the evening of his glorious days to the pursuits of science and literature, shuns none of the humbler duties of private life; but, having filled a scat higher than that of kings, succeeds with greater dignity to that of the good neighbour, and becomes the friendly adviser, lawyer, physician, and even gardener of his vicinity. This is the still small voice" of philosophy, deeper and holier than the lightnings and earthquakes which have preceded it. What monarch would venture thus to exhibit himself in the nakedness of his humanity? On what royal brow would the laurel replace the diadem ?'-Hall, 384, 385.

The event triumphantly proved the correctness of this reasoning. The federalists awoke from the delirium of factious intoxication, and found themselves covered with contempt and shame. Their country had been in danger, and they gloried in her distress. She had exposed herself to privations from which they had extracted profit. In her triumphs they had no part, except that of having mourned over and depreciated them. Since the war federalism has been scarcely heard of. Hall, 508-511.

The Americans, we believe, are the first persons who have discarded the tailor in the administration of justice, and his auxiliary the barber-two persons of endless importance in codes and pandects of Europe. A judge administers justice, without a calorific wig and parti-coloured gown, in a coat and pantaloons. He is obeyed, however; and life and property are not badly protected in the United States. We shall be denounced by the laureate as atheists and jacobins ; but we must say, that we have doubts whether one atom of useful influence is added to men in important situations by any colour, quantity, or configuration of cloth and hair. The true progress of refinement, we conceive, is to discard all the mounte bank drapery of barbarous ages. One row of gold and tur falls off after another from the robe of power, and is picked up and worn by the parish beadle and the exhibiter of wild beasts. Meantime, the afflicted wiseacre mourns over equality of garment; and wotteth not of two men, whose doublets have cost alike, how one shall command and the other obey.

*In Boston, associations were entered into for the purpose of preventing the filling up of government loans. Individuals disposed to subscribe were obliged to do it in secret, and conceal their names, as if the action had been dishonest.'Vide Olive Branch,' p. 307. At the same time, immense runs were made by the Boston banks on those of the Central and Southern states; while the specie thus drained was transmitted to Canada, in payment for smuggled goods and British government bills, which were drawn in Quebec, and disposed of in great numbers, on advantageous terms, to monied men in the states. Mr. Henry's mission is the best proof of the result anticipated by our government from these proceedings in New England.

There are no very prominent men at present in America; at least none whose fame is strong enough for exportation. Monroe is a man of plain, unaffected good sense. Jefferson, we believe, is still alive; and has always been more remarkable, perhaps, for the early share he took in the formation of the republic, than from any very predominant superiority of understanding. Mr. Hall made him a visit :

Mr. Fearon dined with another of the Ex-Kings, Mr. Adams.

The ex-president is a handsome old gentleman of eightyfour-his lady is seventy-six ;-she has the reputation of superior talents, and great literary acquirements. I was not perfectly a stranger here; as, a few days previous to to this, I had received the honour of an hospitable reception at their mansion. Upon the present occasion the minister table of a "late King" may amuse some of you, take the (the day being Sunday) was of the dinner party. As the following particulars:-first course, a pudding made of Indian corn, molasses, and butter;-second, veal, bacon, neck of mutton, potatoes, cabbages, carrots, and Indian beans; Madeira wine, of which each drank two glasses. We sat down to dinner at one o'clock; at two, nearly all went a second time to church. For tea, we had poundcake, sweet bread and butter, and bread made of Indian corn any rve (similar to our brown home-made.) Tea was brought from the kitchen, and handed round by a neat,

*This is still one of the great uncorrected evils of the country. Nothing can be so utterly absurd as to leave the head of the Court of Chancery a political officer, and to subject forty millions of litigated property to all the delays and interruptions which are occasioned by his present multiplicity of offices. (1839.)-The Chancellor is Speaker of the House of Lords; he might as well be made Archbishop of Canterbury ;—it is one of the greatest of existing follies.

white servant girl. The topics of conversation were vari- The four travellers, of whose works we are giving ous.-England, America, religion, politics, literature, science, Dr. Priestley, Miss Edgeworth, Mrs. Siddons, Mr. America, as well in the old as in the new settlements; an account, made extensive tours in every pan of Kean, France, Shakspeare, Moore, Lord Byron, Cobbett, and, generally speaking, we should say their testimoAmerican revolution, the traitor General Arnold." The establishment of this political patriarch consists of any is in favour of American manners. We must exhouse two stories high, containing, I believe, eight rooms; cept, perhaps, Mr. Fearon-and yet he seems to have of two men and three maid servants; three horses, and a very little to say against them. Mr. Palmer tells us plain carriage. How great is the contrast between this that he found his companions, officers and farmers, individual-a man of knowledge and information-without unobtrusive, civil, and obliging; that what the servants pomp, parade, or vicious and expensive establishments, as do for you, they do with alacrity; that at their tables compared with the costly trappings, the depraved charac-d'hote ladies are treated with great politeness. We ters, and the profligate expenditure of have real pleasure in making the following extract from Mr. Bradbury's tour.

house, and ? What a lesson in this does America teach! There are now in this land, no less than three Cincinnati! Fearon, 111-113.

The travellers agree, we think, in complaining of the insubordination of American children-and do not much like American ladies. In their criticisms upon American gasconade, they forget that vulgar people of all countries are full of gasconade. The Americans love titles. The following extract from the Boston Sentinel, of last August (1817,) is quoted by Mr. Fearon.

"Dinner to Mr. Adams.-Yesterday a public dinner was given to the Hon. John Q. Adams. in the Exchange Coffeehouse, by his fellow-citizens of Boston. The Hon. Wm. Gray presided, assisted by the Hon. Harrison Gray Otis, George Blake, Esq., and the Hon. Jonathan Mason, vicepresidents. Of the guests were, the Hon. Mr. Adams, late president of the United States, his Excellency Governor Brooks, his Honor Lt. Gov. Phillips, Chief Justice Parker, Judge Story, President Kirkland, Gen. Dearborn, Com. Hull, Gen. Miller, several of the reverend clergy, and many more public officers, and strangers of eminence."' They all, in common with Mr. Birkbeck, seem to be struck with the indolence of the American character. Mr. Fearon makes the charge; and gives us below the right explanation of its cause.

The life of boarders at an American tavern, presents the most senseless and comfortless mode of killing time which I have ever seen. Every house of this description that I have been in, is thronged to excess; and there is not a man who appears to have a single earthly object in view, except spitting, and smoking segars. I have not seen a book in the nands of any person since I left Philadelphia. Objectionable as these habits are, they afford decided evidence of the prosperity of that country, which can admit so large a body of its citizens to waste in indolence three-fourths of their lives, and would also appear to hold out encouragement to Englishmen with English habits, who could retain their industry amid a nation of indolence, and have sufficient firmness to live in America, and yet bid defiance to the deadly example of its natives.'-Fearon, p. 252, 253.

'In regard to the manners of the people west of the Alleghanies, it would be absurd to expect that a general character could be now formed, or that it will be for many years to come, The population is at present compounded of a great number of every State in the Union, mixed with English, Irish, Scotch. nations, not yet amalgamated, consisting of emigrants from Dutch, Swiss, Germans, French, and almost from every country in Europe. In some traits they partake in common with the inhabitants of the Atlantic States, which results from the nature of their government. That species of hauteur which one class of society in some countries shows in their inter constitution, the existence of a privileged order, vested by course with the other, is here utterly unknown. By their birth with hereditary privileges, honours, or emoluments, is forever interdicted. If therefore, we should here expect tr find that contemptuous feeling in man for man, we should naturally examine amongst those clothed with judicial or military authority; but we should search in vain. The justice on the bench, or the officer in the field, is respected and obeyed tive or agent of the law, enacted for the good of all; but should whilst discharging the functions of his office, as the representa he be tempted to treat even the least wealthy of his neigh bours or fellow citizens with contumely, he would soon find that he could not do it with impunity. Travellers from Eu part of the United States, ought to be previously acquainted rope, in passing through the western country, or indeed any with this part of the American character, and more particularly irritating with abuse, those whom accidental circumstances if they have been in the habit of treating with contempt, or may have placed in a situation to administer to their wants Let no one here indulge himself in abusing the waiter or ostler not, nor cannot conceive, that a situation in which he disat an inn; that waiter or ostler is probably a citizen, and does charges a duty to society, not in itself dishonourable, should subject him to insult: but this feeling, so far as I have experienced, is entirely defensive. I have travelled near 10,000 vility or affront. miles in the United States, and never met with the least inci

being inquisitive. If this be a crime, the western people are The Americans, in general, are accused by travellers, of guilty; but, for my part, I must say that it is a practice that I never was disposed to complain of, because I always found them as ready to answer a question, as to ask one, and therethis kind of barter; and if any traveller does not, it is his own fault. As this leads me to notice their general conduct to strangers, I feel myself bound,

Yet this charge can hardly apply to the northeast-fore I always came off a gainer ern parts of the Union.

The following sample of American vulgarity is not by gratitude and regard to truth, to speak of their hospitality. unentertaining.

In my travels through the inhabited parts of the United States, not less than 2000 miles was through parts where there were no taverns, and where a traveller is under the necessity of appealing to the hospitality of the inhabitants. In no one instance has my appeal been fruitless; although in many cases, the furnishing of a bed has been evidently attended with incon venience, and in a great many instances no remuneration would be received. Other European travellers have experienced this liberal spirit of hospitality, and some have repaid it by ca

'On arriving at the tavern door the landlord makes his appearance.-Landlord. Your servant, gentlemen, this is a fine day. Answer. Very fine.-Land. You've got two nice creatures, they are right elegant matches. Ans. Yes, we bought them for matches. Land. They cost a heap of dollars, (a pause, and knowing look); 200 I calculate. Ans. Yes, they cost a good sum.-Land. Possible! (a pause); going westward to Ohio, gentlemen? Ans. We are going to Philadelphia-lumny.'-Bradbury p. 304–300. Land. Philadelphia, ah! that's a dreadful large place, three or four times as big as Lexington. Ans. Ten times as large. Land. Is it by George! what a mighty heap of houses, (a pause); but I reckon you was not reared in Philadelphia. Ans. Philadelphia is not our native place.-Land. Perhaps away up in Canada. Ans. No; we are from England. Land, Is it possible! well, I calculated you were from abroad, (pause); how long have you been from the old country? Ans. We left England last March.-Land. And in August here you are in Kentuck. Well, I should have guessed you had been in the State some years; you speak almost as good English as we do!

"This dialogue is not a literal copy; but it embraces most of the frequent and improper applications of words used in the back country, with a few New England phrases. By the loghouse farmer and tavern keeper they are used as often, and as erroneously as they occur in the above discourse.'-Palmer, p. 129, 130.

This is of course intended as a representation of the manners of the low, or at best, the middling class of people in America.

We think it of so much importance to do juste to other nations, and to lessen that hatred and contempt which race feels for race, that we subjoin two short passages from Mr. Hall to the same effect.

'I had bills on Philadelphia, and applied to a respectable store-keeper, that is tradesman, of the village, to cash me one; the amount, however, was beyond any remittance he had occasion to make, but he immediately offered me whatever sum I might require for my journey, with no better security than my word, for its repayment at Philadelphia: he even insisted on my taking more than I mentioned as sufficient. I do not believe that this trait of liberality would surprise an American; for no one in the States, to whom I mentioned it, seemed to consider it as more than any stranger of respectable appearance might have looked for, in similar circumstances: but it might well surprise an English traveller, who had been told, as I had, that the Americans never failed to cheat and insult every Englis man who travelled throug their country, especially if they knew him to be an officer. This latter particular they never failed to inform themselves of, for they are by no